Derman, WayneBadenhorst, MareliseEken, Maaike MariaEzeiza-Gomez, JosuFitzpatrick, JaneGleeson, MareeKunorozva, LovemoreMjosund, KatjaMountjoy, MargoSewry, Nicola AnnSchwellnus, Martin Peter2023-06-052023-06-052022Derman, W., Badenhorst, M., Eken, M.M, et al. Incidence of acute respiratory illnesses in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on ‘acute respiratory illness in the athlete’, British Journal of Sports Medicine 2022; 56: 630-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104737.0306-3674 (print)1473-0480 (online)10.1136/bjsports-2021-104737http://hdl.handle.net/2263/91028OBJECTIVE : To determine the incidence of acute respiratory illness (ARill) in athletes and by method of diagnosis, anatomical classification, ages, levels of performance and seasons. DESIGN : Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES : Electronic databases: PubMed-Medline, EbscoHost and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA : Original research articles published between January 1990 and July 2020 in English reporting the incidence of ARill in athletes, at any level of performance (elite/non-elite), aged 15–65 years. RESULTS : Across all 124 studies (n=1 28 360 athletes), the incidence of ARill, estimated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of athlete days, was 4.7 (95% CI 3.9 to 5.7) per 1000 athlete days. In studies reporting acute respiratory infections (ARinf; suspected and confirmed) the incidence was 4.9 (95% CI 4.0 to 6.0), which was similar in studies reporting undiagnosed ARill (3.7; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.7). Incidences of 5.9 (95% CI 4.8 to 7.2) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.5) were found for studies reporting upper ARinf and general ARinf (upper or lower), respectively. The incidence of ARinf was similar across the different methods to diagnose ARinf. A higher incidence of ARinf was found in non-elite (8.7; 95% CI 6.1 to 12.5) vs elite athletes (4.2; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.3). SUMMARY/CONCLUSIONS : These findings suggest: (1) the incidence of ARill equates to approximately 4.7 per athlete per year; (2) the incidence of upper ARinf was significantly higher than general (upper/lower) ARinf; (3) elite athletes have a lower incidence of ARinf than non-elite athletes; (4) if pathogen identification is not available, physicians can confidently use validated questionnaires and checklists to screen athletes for suspected ARinf. For future studies, we recommend that a clear diagnosis of ARill is reported. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020160472.en© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.Acute respiratory illness (ARill)AthletesArticle