Hennig, StefanieSvensson, Elin M.Niebecker, RonaldFourie, Petrus BernardusWeiner, Marc H.Bonora, StefanoPeloquin, Charles A.Gallicano, KeithFlexner, CharlesPym, AlexVis, PeterOlliaro, Piero L.McIlleron, HelenKarlsson, Mats O.2016-06-102016-05Hennig, S, Svensson, EM, Niebecker, R, Fourie, PB, Weiner, MH, Bonora, S, Peloquin, CA, Gallicano, K, Flexner, C, Pym, A, Vis, P, Olliaro, PL, McIlleron, H & Karlsson, MO 2016, 'Population pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction pooled analysis of existing data for rifabutin and HIV PIs', Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 71, no. 5, pp.1330-1340.0305-7453 (print)1460-2091 (online)10.1093/jac/dkv470http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53088OBJECTIVES : Extensive but fragmented data from existing studies were used to describe the drug-drug interaction between rifabutin and HIV-protease inhibitors, and predict doses achieving recommended therapeutic exposure for rifabutin in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis, with concurrently administered protease inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Individual level data from 13 published studies were pooled, and a population analysis approach was used to develop a pharmacokinetic model for rifabutin, its main active metabolite 25-O-desacetyl rifabutin (des-rifabutin), and drug-drug interaction with protease inhibitors in healthy volunteers and patients who had HIV and tuberculosis (TB/HIV). RESULTS : Key parameters of rifabutin affected by drug-drug interaction in TB/HIV were clearance to routes other than des-rifabutin (reduced by 76%-100%), formation to the metabolite (increased by 224% in patients), volume of distribution (increased by 606%), and distribution to the peripheral compartment (reduced by 47%). For desrifabutin, the clearance was reduced by 35% to 76% and volume of distribution increased by 67% to 240% in TB/HIV. These changes resulted in overall increased exposure to rifabutin in TB/HIV patients by 210% because of the effects of protease inhibitors and 280% with ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors. CONCLUTION : Given together with nonboosted or ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, rifabutin at 150 mg once daily results in similar or higher exposure compared with rifabutin at 300 mg once daily without concomitant protease inhibitors, and may achieve peak concentrations within acceptable therapeutic range. Although 300 mg rifabutin every three days with boosted protease inhibitor achieves an average equivalent exposure, intermittent doses of rifamycins are not supported by current guidelines.en© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is : Population pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction pooled analysis of existing data for rifabutin and HIV PIs, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 1330-1340, 2016. doi : 10.1093/jac/dkv470, is available online at : http://jac.oxfordjournals.org.Drug-drug interactionRifabutinHIV-protease inhibitorsPopulation analysisHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Postprint Article