Hussaini, Nafiu N.Yusuf, Abdullahi AhmedIshaku, Adamu2025-10-212026-03Hussaini, N.N., Yusuf, A.A. & Ishaku, A. 2026. 'Mathematical assessment of co-dynamics of deformed wing virus variants A and B infections in honeybees', Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 151, art. 116431, pp. 1-22, doi : 10.1016/j.apm.2025.116431.0307-904X (print)1872-8480 (online)10.1016/j.apm.2025.116431http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104794DATA AVAILABILITY : Data will be made available on request.This study presents a mathematical model to assess the co-dynamics of infections with Deformed Wing Virus (DWV) Variants A and B within a honeybee hive. The model is analyzed via submodels, DWV A only and DWV B only. Our qualitative analysis results demonstrate that the disease-free equilibrium of each submodel is locally asymptotically stable when the corresponding reproduction number is below one. In addition, the submodels exhibit backward bifurcation. A numerical simulation shows that breeding bees for resistance reduces the number of infected brood and adults. The simulation further suggests that enhancing the efficiency of breeding bees for hygienic and grooming behavior in bees could be an effective strategy for controlling the spread of both DWV variants and mite populations. The sensitivity analysis results show that the most important parameters that contribute to the generation of more DWV infections are the transmission rate of DWV-B, the rate of maturation to infected adult bees, and the egg-laying rate. Furthermore, the uncertainty analysis result highlights that focusing on interventions like breeding bees for resistance, hygienic, and grooming behavior could lead to a relatively lower reproduction number. Finally, the result obtained from cost-effectiveness analysis suggests that implementing all interventions concurrently (the universal strategy) is the most cost-effective when resources are available. Otherwise, breeding bees for hygiene and grooming behavior is the most cost-effective strategy. However, the choice of which strategy to implement depends on policymakers’ budget constraints. HIGHLIGHTS • Deformed Wing Virus A and B co-dynamics model is proposed and analyzed. • Intervention strategies: breeding for resistance, hygienic and grooming behavior are incorporated in the model. • Numerical simulation was used to assess the impact of the intervention strategies. • Concurrent implementation of all the aforementioned strategies is the most cost effective strategy if the resources are available.en© 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Notice : this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Applied Mathematical Modelling. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. A definitive version was subsequently published in Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. , pp. , 2025, doi : [12-24 months embargo]Deformed wing virus (DWV)Cost effectiveness analysisHygienic and grooming behaviorStability analysisHoneybeesPostprint Article