Schaap, PieterKoekemoer, Eileen2022-06-072022-06-072021-01Schaap, P., & Koekemoer, E. (2021). Determining the dimensionality and gender invariance of the MACE work-to-family enrichment scale using bifactor and approximate invariance tests. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology/SA Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde, 47(0), a1821. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1821.0258-5200 (print)2071-0763 (online)10.4102/ sajip.v47i0.1821https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/85721ORIENTATION: Uncertainty about which measurement model of the MACE work-to-family enrichment scale (MACE-W2FE) is best supported by the data called for clarification. RESEARCH PURPOSE: The main aim of our study was to get clarity on the dimensionality of the MACE-W2FE. The secondary aim was to test for approximate invariance of the measure for gender groups. MOTIVATION FOR THE STUDY: Variations in the reported measurement models for the MACE-W2FE between studies are not conducive for theory development and called for clarification. Previous models reported were a multidimensional model and a secondorder model. Approximate measurement invariance is a prerequisite for study differences between gender groups. RESEARCH APPROACH/DESIGN AND METHOD: We did seek to resolve the problem by using bifactor model analysis, factor strength indices and local indicator misspecification analyses using a sample of 786 South African employees. Invariance was tested using the alignment optimisation method. MAIN FINDINGS: In this study, we solved a substantive research problem by determining that the data from the study best supported a single breadth factor or first-order factor model that was essentially unidimensional. The invariance tests across gender groups confirmed approximate configural, measurement and scalar invariances for the unidimensional model. PRACTICAL/MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS: Researchers and practitioners may include the MACEW2FE in studies as a single-aggregated score without negligible loss in measurement precision. Contribution/value-add: The extended confirmatory factor analyses we conducted proved valuable in resolving the MACE-W2FE’s dimensionality vacillations, thereby enhancing the validity of inferences made from scale scores.en© 2021. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Bifactor analysisGender invarianceMACE work-to-family enrichment scale (MACE-W2FE)Article