Coetzee, Petrus J.Du Plessis, Warren Paul2020-10-292020-10-292020-06P. J. Coetzee and W. P. du Plessis, "Performance Limiters of Near-Vertical-Incidence Skywave Propagation: A Scientific Approach," in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 39-44, June 2020, doi: 10.1109/MAP.2019.2943313.1045-9243 (print)1558-4143 (online)10.1109/MAP.2019.2943313http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76668Near-vertical-incidence skywave (NVIS) propagation is defined as providing continuous coverage from nearly 0 km (just beyond the line of sight) to a couple hundred kilometers from the transmitter with no skip or dead zones. NVIS communications are especially effective during disaster-relief operations when infrastructure is severely damaged. The ability to accurately determine the performance limiters of NVIS propagation can help in the planning of high-frequency (HF) (3-30 MHz) emergency communication links. In the literature, widely varying radial distances (from as few as 50 to up to 160 or even 320 km) for the coverage attainable by NVIS propagation have been reported. It is very difficult to plan an NVIS link for homeland security or disaster relief when the published guidelines vary to such a degree. In this study, a scientific approach was utilized to determine the NVIS performance limiters for varying solar conditions, times of day, and geophysical locations.en© 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.Dipole antennasIonosphereAntenna radiation patternsRay tracingElectromagneticsRadiocommunicationIonospheric electromagnetic wave propagationHF radio propagationHF antennasDisastersNear-vertical-incidence skywave (NVIS)High-frequency (HF)Postprint Article