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SunilSiankam Tankwanchi, Akhenaten BenjaminSiddig, Emmanuel EdwarSigfusdottir, Inga DoraSilva, João PedroSilva, Luís Manuel Lopes RodriguesSinaei, EhsanSingh, Balbir BagichaSingh, GarimaSingh, ParamdeepSingh, SurjitSirota, Sarah BrookeSivakumar, ShravanSohag, Abdullah Al MamunSolanki, RanjanSoleimani, HamidrezaSolikhah, SolikhahSolomon, YeruknehSolomon, YonatanSong,, SuhangSong,, YimengSotoudeh, HoumanSpartalis, MichaelStark, Benjamin AStarnes, Joseph R.Starodubova, Antonina V.Stein, Dan J.Steiner, Timothy J.Stovner, Lars JacobSuleman, MuhammadSuliankatchi Abdulkader, RizwanSultana, AbidaSun, JingSunkersing, DavidSunny, AngelSusianti, HaniSwain, Chandan KumarSzeto, Mindy D.Tabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTabatabaei, Seyyed MohammadTabatabai, ShimaTabish, MohammadTaheri, MajidTahvildari, AzinTajbakhsh, ArdeshirTampa, MirceaTamuzi, Jacques J.L. LukenzeTan, Ker-KanTang, HaosuTareke, MinaleTarigan, Ingan UkurTat, Nathan Y.Tat, Vivian Y.Razieh TavakoliTavangar, Seyed MohammadTavasol, ArianTefera, Yibekal ManayeTehrani-Banihashemi, ArashTemesgen, Worku AnimawTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTeramoto, MasayukiTesfaye, Amensisa HailuTesfaye, Edosa GetaTesler, RikiThakali, OceanThangaraju, PugazhenthanThapa, RajshreeThapar, RekhaThomas, Nikhil KennyThrift, Amanda G.Ticoalu, Jansje Henny VeraTillawi, TalaToghroli, RazieTonelli, MarcelloTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTraini, EugenioTran, Nghia MinhTran, Ngoc-HaTran, Phu VanTromans, Samuel JosephTruelsen, Thomas ClementTruyen, Thien Tan Tri TaiUmair, MuhammadUmakanthan, SrikanthUmapathi, Krishna KishoreUnim, BrigidUnnikrishnan, BhaskaranVaithinathan, Asokan GovindarajVakilian, AlirezaValadan Tahbaz, SahelValizadeh, RohollahVan den Eynde, JefVart, PriyaVarthya, Shoban BabuVasankari, Tommi JuhaniVaziri, SiavashVellingiri, BalachandarVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVerras, Georgios-IoannisVervoort, DominiqueVillafañe, Jorge HugoVillani, LeonardoVinueza Veloz, Andres FernandoViskadourou, MariaVladimirov, Sergey KonstantinovitchVlassov, VasilyVolovat, Simona RuxandraVu, Loc TriVujcic, Isidora S.Wagaye, BirhanuWaheed, YasirWahood, WaseemWalde, Mandaras TarikuWang, FangWang, ShuWang, YanzhongWang, Yuan-PangWaqas, MuhammadWaris, AbdulWeerakoon, Kosala GayanWeintraub, Robert G.Weldemariam, Abrha HailayWesterman, RonnyWhisnant, Joanna L.Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha PraneethWickramasinghe, Nuwan DarshanaWillekens, BarbaraWilner, Lauren B.Winkler, Andrea SylviaWolfe, Charles D.A.Wu, Ai-MinWulf Hanson, SarahXu, SuowenXu, XiaoyueYadollahpour, AliYaghoubi, SajadYahya, GalalYamagishi, KazumasaYang, LinYano, YuichiroYao , YaoYehualashet, Sisay ShewasinadYeshaneh, AlexYesiltepe, MetinYi, SiyanYiğit, ArzuYiğit, VahitYon, Dong KeonYonemoto, NaohiroYou, YuyiYounis, Mustafa Z.Yu, ChuanhuaYusuf, HadizaZadey, SiddheshZahedi, MohammadZakham, FathiahZaki, NazarZali, AlirezaZamagni, GiuliaZand, RaminZandieh, Ghazal G.Z.Zangiabadian, MoeinZarghami, AminZastrozhin, Mikhail SergeevichZeariya, Mohammed G.M.Zegeye, Zelalem BanjawZeukeng, Zelalem BanjawZhai, ChunxiaZhang, ChenZhang, HaijunZhang, YunquanZhang, Zhi-JiangZhao, HanqingZhao, , , , , , , , , YangZheng, PengZhou, HengxingZhu, BinZhumagaliuly, AbzalZielińska, MagdalenaZikarg, Yossef TeshomeZoladl, MohammadMurray, Christopher J.L.Ong, Kanyin LianeFeigin, Valery L.Vos, TheoDua, TarunAmanda G.Amanda G.Oliaee, Razieh Tavakoli2025-10-142025-10-142024-04Steinmetz, J.D., Seeher, K.M., Schiess, N. et al. 2024, 'Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021 : a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021', The Lancet Neurology, vol. 23, pp. 344-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S1474-4422(24)00038-3.1474-446510.1016/ S1474-4422(24)00038-3http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104688NOTE : This online publication has been corrected. The first corrected version first appeared at thelancet.com/neurology on March 18, 2024, the second correction first appeared at thelancet.com/neurology on June 12, 2024BACKGROUND : Disorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021. METHODS : We estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined. FINDINGS : Globally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer. INTERPRETATION : As the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed.en© 2024 World Health Organization. This is an Open Access article published under the CC BY 3.0 IGO license.International Classification of Diseases (ICD)COVID-19 pandemicNeurodevelopmental disordersNeurological health lossYears lived with disability (YLDs)Years of life lost (YLLs)Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)Article