Nikolaidis, MariosHesketh, AndrewFrangou, NikolettaMossialos, DimitrisVan de Peer, YvesOliver, Stephen G.Amoutzias, Grigorios D.2024-08-222024-08-222023-06-02Nikolaidis, M., Hesketh, A., Frangou, N. et al. 2023, 'A panoramic view of the genomic landscape of the genus Streptomyces', Microbial Genomics, vol. 9, art. 001028, pp. 1-15. DOI 10.1099/mgen.0.001028.2057-5858 (online)10.1099/mgen.0.001028http://hdl.handle.net/2263/97819DATA STATEMENT : All supporting data, code and protocols have been provided within the article or through supplementary data files. Nine supplementary figures and ten supplementary files are available with the online version of this article. 001028 © 2023 The AuthorsWe delineate the evolutionary plasticity of the ecologically and biotechnologically important genus Streptomyces, by analysing the genomes of 213 species. Streptomycetes genomes demonstrate high levels of internal homology, whereas the genome of their last common ancestor was already complex. Importantly, we identify the species-specific fingerprint proteins that characterize each species. Even among closely related species, we observed high interspecies variability of chromosomal protein-coding genes, species-level core genes, accessory genes and fingerprints. Notably, secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters (smBGCs), carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and protein-coding genes bearing the rare TTA codon demonstrate high intraspecies and interspecies variability, which emphasizes the need for strain-specific genomic mining. Highly conserved genes, such as those specifying genus-level core proteins, tend to occur in the central region of the chromosome, whereas those encoding proteins with evolutionarily volatile species-level fingerprints, smBGCs, CAZymes and TTA-codon- bearing genes are often found towards the ends of the linear chromosome. Thus, the chromosomal arms emerge as the part of the genome that is mainly responsible for rapid adaptation at the species and strain level. Finally, we observed a moderate, but statistically significant, correlation between the total number of CAZymes and three categories of smBGCs (siderophores, e-Polylysin and type III lanthipeptides) that are related to competition among bacteria.en© 2023 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.StreptomycesComparative genomicsEvolutionAdaptationCore genomeSpecies-specific adaptationsSecondary metabolitesCarbohydrate-active enzymesTTA codonSDG-15: Life on landArticle