Botha, C.J. (Christoffel Jacobus)Venter, ElnaUniversity of Pretoria. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences. Section Pharmacology and Toxicology2008-12-232008-12-232002Botha, CJ & Venter, E 2002, 'Plants poisonous to livestock Southern Africa (CD-ROM)' University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pretoria, South Africa.http://hdl.handle.net/2263/8543Colour photos. Final web-ready size: JPEG, 72 ppi. Photo 1: 17.2 kb; Photo 2: 9.7 kb; Photo 3: 23.8 kb; Photo 4: 31.3 kb; Photo 5: 27.8 kb; Photo 6: 6.72 kb. Original TIFF file housed at the Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Pretoria.DISTRIBUTION: Trifolium spp. as well as Medicago spp. were imported from Europe and Asia to grow as fodder for stock. The Oudtshoorn district is responsible for about 90% of the lucerne seed produced in South Africa.BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION: Trifolium repens: Low growing, spreading plants with trifoliate leaves, sometimes mistaken for grass.TOXIC PRINCIPLE: Frothy bloat: Saponins and glycoproteins.MECHANISM OF ACTION: • Soluble proteins escape rapidly from fragile thin-walled cells of above species during cellulose digestion. • This results in changes in surface tension of ruminal fluid and stabilization of gas bubbles in rumen. • Critical concentration of several surface-active agents leads to persistent, rigid foam. Phyto-oestrogenism: • The toxic principles of the clovers are various isoflavone glycosides, which are inherently oestrogenic and/or are biotransformed in the rumen to active or inactive compounds. • The oestrogenic compounds contained in lucerne are coumestans.SYNDROMES: Frothy bloat, ABPE, Phyto-oestrogenism.SYSTEMS AFFECTED: Gastro-intestinal, urogenital and respiratory systems.CLINICAL SIGNS: Frothy bloat: • Severe bloat, distended abdomen. • Ruminal atony. • Dyspnoea. Phyto-oestrogenism: • Infertility.©University of Pretoria. Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology (Original and digital). Provided for educational purposes only. It may not be downloaded, reproduced or distributed in any format without written permission of the original copyright holder. Any attempt to circumvent the access controls placed on this file is a violation of copyright laws and is subject to criminal prosecution. Please contact the collection administrator for copyright issues.Plant poisoningToxicologyPlant poisoning in animalsPoisonous plantsFrothy bloatABPEAcute Bovine Pulmonary Oedema and EmphysemaPhyto-oestrogenismSaponinsGlycosidesClover diseasePoisonous plants -- Toxicology -- Africa, SouthernVeterinary toxicologyStill Image