Prinsloo, Linda CharlottaBoeyens, Jan Christoffel AntonieVan der Ryst, Maria M.Webb, Geoffrey2013-10-152013-10-152012Prinsloo, LC, Boeyens, JCA, Van der Ryst, MM & Webb, G 2012, 'Raman signatures of the modern pigment (Zn, Cd)S 1- xSe x and glass matrix of a red bead from Magoro Hill, an archaeological site in Limpopo Province, South Africa, recalibrate the settlement chronology', Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1023, pp. 123-127.0022-2860(print)1872-8014(online)10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.047http://hdl.handle.net/2263/32062Two glass trade beads, one red and one yellow, retrieved from a secure archaeological context on Magoro Hill, an erstwhile Venda stronghold in South Africa’s Limpopo Province, were analyzed with Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy identified the pigment coloring the yellow bead as lead tin yellow Type II and the glass as a typical soda–lime–silica glass. Both pigments and glass type were in use over a long time span and therefore the bead cannot be used as a temporal marker. The pigment coloring the red bead, on the other hand, was identified as nano-(Zn,Cd)S1 xSex mixed crystals, a pigment that was only widely used in the early 20th century. This date casts doubt on local oral tradition that associates the brick-built structure from which the beads were recovered with Manzinzinzi, a Venda chief who, according to contemporary documentary accounts, had already passed away in the 1880s. The more recent date for the red bead resolves the apparent discord between the oral and written records, suggesting that the building was probably erected and/or occupied by one of Manzinzinzi’s successors.en© 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Notice : this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Journal of Molecular Structure.Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Journal of Molecular Structure, vol. 1023, pp. 123-127,2012, doi : 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.047ArchaeologyCadmium sulfoselenideMagoro HillVenda (African people) -- South Africa -- LimpopoExcavations (Archaeology) -- South Africa -- Magoro HillGlass beads -- South Africa -- Magoro HillArchaeological significance -- South Africa -- Magoro HillRaman spectroscopyPhotoluminescencePigments -- South Africa -- Magoro HillPostprint Article