Poore, Luke AlexanderHendry, RossSteyl, Johan Christian AbrahamPfitzer, Silke2018-03-282018-03-282017-12-08Poore, L.A., Hendry, R., Steyl, J. & Pfitzer, S., 2017, ‘Perineal urethrostomy to treat obstructive urolithiasis in a captive hand-raised steenbok (Raphicerus campestris)’, Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 88(0), a1536. https://DOI.org/ 10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1536.1019-9128 (print)2224-9435 (online)10.4102/jsava.v88i0.1536http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64334The steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) is a small antelope of the family Bovidae native to the African continent. Urolithiasis, the formation of urinary calculi in the urinary tract, can be caused by a variety of factors such as diet, dehydration, infection and anatomical predisposition. Urolithiasis, with uroliths identified as magnesium calcium phosphate carbonate in composition, was diagnosed in a hand-reared 5-month-old steenbok. Perineal urethrostomy was performed as a component of the broad treatment regime that included fluid therapy, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. However, the animal died 4 days later as a result of systemic hypoxia and energy depletion because of stress and cachexia. The challenges of post-surgical treatment, the importance of positive energy balance in small ruminants under stressful circumstances, as well as the role of diet of hand-reared antelope in predisposition to urolith formation are highlighted.en© 2017. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.UrolithiasisSteenbok (Raphicerus campestris)Urinary-bladder marsupializationPercutaneous tube cystostomyHematological valuesSmall ruminantsNutritionDiagnosisSurgeryPerineal urethrostomyUrolith formationArticle