Wolff, KarinHattingh, TeresaSmith, Lelanie2025-11-072025-11-072025-07Wolff, K., Hattingh, T., & Smith, L. (2025). Global challenges, local responses: Exploring curriculum reform in South African engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 114(3), e70006. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.70006.1069-4730 (print)2168-9830 (online)10.1002/jee.70006http://hdl.handle.net/2263/105178BACKGROUND AND AIM : There have been significant higher education curriculum reform initiatives over the past 30 years across different global regions in response to a range of drivers such as employability, global citizenship, and sustainability. In professions such as engineering, a key focus has been on holistic graduate attribute development for scarce skills needs in increasingly complex socio-technical sectors. This paper sets out to explore the drivers of engineering curriculum reform in higher education institutions (HEIs) in a Global South context. DESIGN/METHOD : Drawing on semi-structured, recorded focus group inter-views with 28 program coordinators and academics across 15 of the 16 HEIs offering engineering qualifications in South Africa, the research team set out to determine what kinds of curriculum reform initiatives were being under-taken, who was responsible for initiating, implementing, and supporting these initiatives, and what were perceived to be challenges and successes. The emergent drivers were framed in relation to curriculum responsiveness theory analyzed using an overarching “critical realist” framework with structure, culture, and agency dimensions that systemically influence how curriculum reform is constrained or enabled. RESULTS : The findings reveal both internal and external drivers that align with economic, institutional, and pedagogical responsiveness. The dominance of some levers over others is influenced by the underlying structural and cultural dimensions that affect agency. While some institutions show agency in curriculum reform, the dominant structure–culture dynamic often constrains innovation and maintains the status quo. CONCLUSION : The structure–culture–agency relationships that are presented high-light factors that constrain or enable curriculum reform, which has implications for practice and policy. To drive meaningful and sustainable reform, policymakers must develop frameworks that incentivize not only compliance with accreditation standards but also pedagogical innovation and social responsiveness, ensuring that curriculum transformation aligns with both economic demands and societal needs.en© 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Curriculum reformDriversGlobal SouthResponsivenessStructure–culture–agency relationshipHigher education institutions (HEI)Article