Hanekom, Josef DerekThompson, P.N. (Peter N.)Schoeman, Johan P.Van Vollenhoven, Elize2025-09-252025-09-252025-11Hanekom, J., Thompson, P.N., Schoeman, J.P. & Van Vollenhoven, E. 2025, 'Household hostilities : a descriptive study of inter-dog aggression requiring veterinary treatment of dog bite wounds in Pretoria, South Africa', Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol. 292, art. 106819, pp. 1-9, doi : 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106819.0168-1591 (print)1872-9045 (online)10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106819http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104454DATA AVAILABILITY : The datasets created and analysed are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.Inter-dog aggression (IDA) places a high burden on the dogs involved, their owners and their households. Treating dog bite wounds (DBW) accounts for a substantial proportion of small animal veterinary practice caseload. This study aimed to identify potential risk factors of IDA in dogs presented for the treatment of DBW at a veterinary teaching hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. Veterinary staff completed a survey regarding wound severity, distribution, treatment, and outcome of 126 dogs treated for DBW. A separate, but related survey was completed by 124 owners of dogs presenting for DBW, describing the fighting event, dogs involved, and the household context where these fighting dogs lived. Control household data was collected from surveys completed by 71 owners of dogs being treated for alternative conditions, where no household dogs had been treated for DBW by a veterinarian. Most fighting between dogs occurred on the owner’s property (85.4 %) and between household dogs (68.5 %). From the 83 household pairs where the sex and sterilisation status were known, fighting was more common between dogs of the same sex (71 %) and sterilisation status (53 %). Fighting pairs were most frequently both intact male (25 %) or both sterilised female dogs (16 %). Compared to control households, dog bite households kept on average significantly more dogs (4.14 compared to 3.44 dogs, p = 0.029) and significantly more male intact dogs (1.04 compared to 0.66 dogs, (p = 0.043). Breeds over-represented in dog bite households were Boerboels (p = 0.043), German Shepherd dogs (p = 0.034) and Pitbull Terriers (p = 0.002) compared to control household. Breeds under-represented in dog bite households were Dachshunds (p = 0.046), Labrador Retrievers (p = 0.026), Miniature Poodles (p = 0.016) and Schnauzers (p = 0.032) compared to control households. Few biting incidents occurred during supervised walks (4 %), which differs substantially from previous studies, which reported that most fights between dogs occurred in public spaces involving unleashed dogs. Based on our study findings, the following locally relevant IDA prevention measures are indicated: limiting the number of household dogs to three or fewer, reducing the number of male intact dogs, mixing sexes, and avoiding Boerboels, German Shepherds and Pitbull Terriers breeds in multidog households. HIGHLIGHTS • Most dog fights occurred on the owners’ property between household dogs. • Dog bite households owned more male intact dogs and more dogs than control households. • The majority of fights were between dogs of the same sex and sterilisation status. • Breeds over-represented in fighting were Pitbull terriers, Boerboels and German Shepherd dogs. • Several factors influencing fighting between South African dogs varied from Western studies.en© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).Inter-dog aggression (IDA)Dog bite wounds (DBW)Dog-on-dog fightsAggressive breedsSize mismatchNeuteringArticle