Razmkhah, MansoorehArashi, MohammadBekker, Andriette, 1958-Marques, Filipe J.2025-08-052025-08-052026-01Razmkhah, M., Arashi, M., Bekker, A. & Marques, F.J. 2026, 'Neutrosophic Birnbaum-Saunders distribution with applications', Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 149, art. 116287, pp. 1-14, doi : 10.1016/j.apm.2025.116287.0307-904X (print)1872-8480 (online)10.1016/j.apm.2025.116287http://hdl.handle.net/2263/103770DATA AVAILABILITY : The data that has been used is confidential.This paper presents an extension of the Birnbaum-Saunders distribution through the incorporation of neutrosophic concepts, aimed at effectively addressing data that is characterized by imprecision, uncertainty, and incompleteness. Our model delivers maximum likelihood parameter estimates, effectively capturing the complete spectrum of interval-based values without compromise. We showcase its benefits in industrial and environmental applications, emphasizing its effectiveness in analyzing uncertain data within real-world scenarios, surpassing traditional statistical methods. HIGHLIGHTS • Proposed neutrosophic Birnbaum-Saunders model for indeterminate interval data. • Novel parameter estimation approach for neutrosophic Birnbaum-Saunders model. • New insights into modelling neutrosophic interval data in environmental studies.en© 2025 All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies. Notice : this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Applied Materials Today. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. A definitive version was subsequently published in Applied Mathematical Modelling, vol. 149, art. 116287, pp. 1-14, doi : 10.1016/j.apm.2025.116287.Nitrogen oxides emissionsNeutrosophic random variablesMaximum likelihood estimationIndeterminacyIndustrial data modellingFatigue life dataEnvironmental data analysisBirnbaum-Saunders distributionAir pollution dataPreprint Article