Littlejohn, A.Bigalke, R.D.Cameron, Colin McKenzieGilchrist, Frances M.C.Morren, A.J.Verster, Anna J.M.Verwoerd, Daniel WynandWalker, Jane B.Steyn, P.J.J.2016-07-072016-07-0720161980Littlejohn, A 1980, 'Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. I. Clinical signs’, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 159-162.0330-2465http://hdl.handle.net/2263/54102The articles have been scanned in colour with a HP Scanjet 5590; 300dpi. Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format.Twenty cases of chronic cough originating in the lung and associated with loss of performance were clinically examined. The physical signs observed were compared with those observed in a control series of 38 clinically normal horses. Reduced work tolerance, coughing for more than 3 months and abnormal pulmonary sounds (râles) were primary signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Forced abdominal expiratory efforts and pumping of the anus were regarded as confirmatory signs. Neither nasal discharge nor increased marginal distance was found to be a reliable sign of COPD. The mean respiratory frequency of the COPD subjects, namely 25, 4 per minute, was significantly higher than the 16, 7 per minute (P< 0,001) of the 38 normal subjects.en©1980 ARC - Onderstepoort and Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (original). ©2016 University of Pretoria Department of Library Services (digital).Veterinary medicineVeterinary medicine -- South AfricaArticle