McMorrow, Meredith L.Gebremedhin, GoitomVan den Heever, JohannKezaala, RobertHarris, Bernice NerineNandy, RobinStrebel, PeterJack, AbdoulieCairns, K. Lisa2009-06-292009-06-292009-05McMorrow, ML, Gebremedhin, G, Van den Heever, J, Kezaala, R, Harris, BN, Nandy, R, Strebel, P, Jack, A, & Cairns, KL 2009, 'Measles outbreak in South Africa, 2003 - 2005', South African Medical Journal, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 314-319. [www.samj.org.za]0038-3469http://hdl.handle.net/2263/10544OBJECTIVES: Measles was virtually eliminated in South Africa following control activities in 1996 / 7. However, from July 2003 to November 2005, 1 676 laboratory-confirmed measles cases were reported in South Africa. We investigated the outbreak's cause and the role of HIV. DESIGN: We traced laboratory-confirmed case-patients residing in the Johannesburg metropolitan (JBM) and O R Tambo districts. We interviewed laboratory- or epidemiologically confirmed case-patients or their caregivers to determine vaccination status and, in JBM, HIV status. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using the screening method. SETTING: Household survey in JBM and O R Tambo districts. OUTCOME MEASURES: Vaccine effectiveness, case-fatality rate, and hospitalisations. RESULTS: In JBM, 109 case-patients were investigated. Of the 57 case-patients eligible for immunisation, 27 (47.4%) were vaccinated. Fourteen (12.8%) case-patients were HIV infected, 46 (42.2%) were HIV uninfected, and 49 (45.0%) had unknown HIV status. Among children aged 12 - 59 months, vaccine effectiveness was 85% (95% confidence interval (CI) : 63, 94) for all children, 63% for HIV infected, 75% for HIV uninfected, and 96% for children with unknown HIV status. (Confidence intervals were not calculated for sub-groups owing to small sample size.) In O R Tambo district, 157 case-patients were investigated. Among the 138 case-patients eligible for immunisation, 41 (29.7%) were vaccinated. Vaccine effectiveness was 89% (95% CI 77, 95). CONCLUSIONS: The outbreak's primary cause was failure to vaccinate enough of the population to prevent endemic measles transmission. Although vaccine effectiveness might have been lower in HIV-infected than in uninfected children, population vaccine effectiveness remained high.enHealth and Medical Publishing GroupMeaslesSouth AfricaMeasles -- South AfricaHIV infections -- ComplicationsVaccinationVaccinationArticle