Miller, Michele A.Buss, Peter ErikRoos, Eduard O.Hausler, GuyDippenaar, AnzaanMitchell, Emily P.Van Schalkwyk, LouisRobbe-Austerman, SueleeWaters, W. RaySikar-Gang, AlinaLyashchenko, Konstantin P.Parsons, Sven David CharlesWarren, RobinVan Helden, Paul David2019-09-032019-09-032019-02-06Miller MA, Buss P, Roos EO, Hausler G, Dippenaar A, Mitchell E, van Schalkwyk L, Robbe-Austerman S, Waters WR, Sikar-Gang A, Lyashchenko KP, Parsons SDC, Warren R and van Helden P (2019) Fatal Tuberculosis in a Free-Ranging African Elephant and One Health Implications of Human Pathogens in Wildlife. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 6:18. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00018.2297-1769 (online)10.3389/fvets.2019.00018http://hdl.handle.net/2263/71263Tuberculosis (TB) in humans is a global public health concern and the discovery of animal cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection and disease, especially in multi-host settings, also has significant implications for public health, veterinary disease control, and conservation endeavors. This paper describes a fatal case of Mtb disease in a free-ranging African elephant (Loxodonta africana) in a high human TB burden region. Necropsy revealed extensive granulomatous pneumonia, from which Mtb was isolated and identified as a member of LAM3/F11 lineage; a common lineage found in humans in South Africa. These findings are contextualized within a framework of emerging Mtb disease in wildlife globally and highlights the importance of the One Health paradigm in addressing this anthroponotic threat to wildlife and the zoonotic implications.en© 2019 Miller, Buss, Roos, Hausler, Dippenaar, Mitchell, van Schalkwyk, Robbe-Austerman, Waters, Sikar-Gang, Lyashchenko, Parsons, Warren and van Helden. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).AnthroponosisOne healthWildlife diseaseAfrican elephant (Loxodonta africana)Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB)Tuberculosis (TB)Veterinary science articles SDG-03Veterinary science articles SDG-15SDG-15: Life on landSDG-03: Good health and well-beingArticle