Olatinwo, Damilola D.Myburgh, Hermanus CarelDe Freitas, AllanAbu-Mahfouz, Adnan Mohammed2025-11-132025-11-132025-10-09Olatinwo, D.D.; Myburgh, H.C.; De Freitas, A.; Abu-Mahfouz, A.M. A Review of Smart Crop Technologies for Resource Constrained Environments: Leveraging Multimodal Data Fusion, Edge-to-Cloud Computing, and IoT Virtualization. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 2025, 14, 99: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14050099.2224-2708 (online)10.3390/jsan14050099http://hdl.handle.net/2263/105271Smart crop technologies offer promising solutions for enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability, particularly in the face of global challenges such as resource scarcity and climate variability. However, their deployment in infrastructure-limited regions, especially across Africa, faces persistent barriers, including unreliable power supply, intermittent internet connectivity, and limited access to technical expertise. This study presents a PRISMA-guided systematic review of literature published between 2015 and 2025, sourced from the Scopus database including indexed content from ScienceDirect and IEEE Xplore. It focuses on key technological components including multimodal sensing, data fusion, IoT resource management, edge-cloud integration, and adaptive network design. The analysis of these references reveals a clear trend of increasing research volume and a major shift in focus from foundational unimodal sensing and cloud computing to more complex solutions involving machine learning post-2019. This review identifies critical gaps in existing research, particularly the lack of integrated frameworks for effective multimodal sensing, data fusion, and real-time decision support in low-resource agricultural contexts. To address this, we categorize multimodal sensing approaches and then provide a structured taxonomy of multimodal data fusion approaches for real-time monitoring and decision support. The review also evaluates the role of IoT virtualization as a pathway to scalable, adaptive sensing systems, and analyzes strategies for overcoming infrastructure constraints. This study contributes a comprehensive overview of smart crop technologies suited to infrastructure-limited agricultural contexts and offers strategic recommendations for deploying resilient smart agriculture solutions under connectivity and power constraints. These findings provide actionable insights for researchers, technologists, and policymakers aiming to develop sustainable and context-aware agricultural innovations in underserved regions.en© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Cloud computingSmart agricultureMultimodal data fusionMachine learningFood securityFarm managementEdge computingArticle