Kroeze, StefanieWit, Ferdinand W.Rossouw, Theresa M.Steel, Helen CarolynKityo, Cissy M.Siwale, MargaretAkanmu, SulaimonMandaliya, KishorDe Jager, MarleenOndoa, PascaleReiss, PeterRinke de Wit, Tobias F.Kootstra, NeeltjeHamers, Raph L.2019-12-112019-12-112019-09Stefanie Kroeze, Ferdinand W Wit, Theresa M Rossouw, Helen C Steel, Cissy M Kityo, Margaret Siwale, Sulaimon Akanmu, Kishor Mandaliya, Marleen de Jager, Pascale Ondoa, Peter Reiss, Tobias F Rinke de Wit, Neeltje Kootstra, Raph L Hamers, Plasma Biomarkers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Systemic Inflammation and Immune Activation in Sub-Saharan Africa Before and During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 220, Issue 6, 15 September 2019, Pages 1029–1033, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz252.0022-1899 (print)1537-6613 (online)10.1093/infdis/jiz252http://hdl.handle.net/2263/72620We evaluated immune biomarker profiles in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected adults (n = 398) from 5 African countries. Although all biomarkers decreased after antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, levels of C-X-C chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, soluble CD163, and soluble scavenger receptor CD14 were significantly higher during ART than in an HIV-uninfected reference group (n = 90), indicating persistent monocyte/macrophage activation, inflammation, and microbial translocation. Before ART initiation, high HIV viral load was associated with elevated CXCL10 and tuberculosis coinfection was associated with elevated soluble CD14. High pre-ART levels of each biomarker strongly predicted residual immune activation during ART. Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 were differentially expressed between countries. Further research is needed on the clinical implications of residual immune dysregulation.en© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Antiretroviral therapy (ART)Sub-Saharan AfricaHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)BiomarkersImmune activationInflammationMonocytesPlasmaTranslocation (genetics)Interleukin-6Macrophage activationPersistenceAnti-retroviral agentsImmune dysregulationArticle