Pfitzer, SilkeLaubscher, Liesel L.Raath, Jacobus P.Semjonov, AleksandrBasson, Etienne P.Wolfe, Lisa L.Miller, Michael W.Zeiler, Gareth Edward2025-06-272025-06-272025-07Pfitzer, S., Laubscher, L.L., Raath, J.P. et al. 2025, 'Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine and ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine chemical immobilization in habituated subadult female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)', Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 403-411, doi : 10.1016/j.vaa.2025.04.009.10.1016/j.vaa.2025.04.009http://hdl.handle.net/2263/103031Please read abstract in the article.en© 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine (BAM)Ketamine–butorphanol–azaperone–medetomidine (KBAM)Chemical immobilizationGiraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)ImmobilizationArticle