Fitza, Katrin N.E.Payn, K.Steenkamp, Emma TheodoraMyburg, Alexander AndrewNaidoo, Sanushka2014-11-042014-11-042013-03Fitza, KNE, Payn, KG, Steenkamp, ET, Myburg, AA & Naidoo, S 2013, 'Chitosan application improves resistance to Fusarium circinatum in Pinus patula', South African Journal of Botany, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 70-78.0254-6299 (print)1727-9321 (online)10.1016/j.sajb.2012.12.006http://hdl.handle.net/2263/42491Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent for the disease, pitch canker, in Pinus patula. Commercial forestry incurs large economic losses from the pathogen, primarily as a result of post-planting mortality resulting in increased re-establishment costs. One means of enhancing defense is through pretreatment of seedlings with chemicals or biologically derived compounds that stimulate defense responses; a process collectively known as induced resistance. We compared the efficiency of ten inducers in improving defense against F. circinatum in P. patula seedlings. Chitosan (10 mg/ml)was effective in reducing and delaying disease symptoms of pitch canker in seedlings. Under both nursery and greenhouse conditions, chitosan application resulted in reduced lesion lengths in treated plants compared to non-treated plants over a period of six weeks (pb0.05, Kruskal–Wallis). Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR expression analysis revealed that the reduction in lesion size in treated seedlings was accompanied by a four-fold increase in transcript abundance of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase transcript, which encodes an enzyme involved in the first committed step of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We suggest that the application of chitosan as part of an integrated management strategy, be further investigated for an effective approach to induce resistance in P. patula seedlings against F. circinatum.en© 2013 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Notice : this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in South African Journal of Botany. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in South African Journal of Botany, vol.85, no. 3, pp. 70-78,2013. doi : 10.1016/j.sajb.2012.12.006.ChitosanInduced resistancePinus patulaPhenylalanine ammonia lyaseFusarium circinatumPostprint Article