Labuschagne Naidoo, Robyn-BrookeSteel, Helen CarolynTheron, Annette J.Anderson, RonaldTintinger, Gregory RonaldRossouw, Theresa M.2025-04-082025-04-082024-06Labuschagne Naidoo, R.-B.; Steel, H.C.; Theron, A.J.; Anderson, R.; Tintinger, G.R.; Rossouw, T.M. Persistently Elevated Expression of Systemic, Soluble Co-Inhibitory Immune Checkpoint Molecules in People Living with HIV before and One Year after Antiretroviral Therapy. Pathogens 2024, 13, 540. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13070540.2076-0817 (online)10.3390/pathogens13070540http://hdl.handle.net/2263/101927DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.SUPPORTING INFORMATION: TABLE S1: Comparison of soluble immune checkpoint levels between female and male PLWH before ART; TABLE S2: Comparison of soluble immune checkpoint levels between female and male PLWH after 12 months of ART; TABLE S3: Comparison of the change in soluble immune checkpoint levels before and after 12 months of ART between tobacco-users and non-users; TABLE S4: Correlations between age and soluble immune checkpoint molecules before treatment in PLWH.Please read abstract in article.en© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an Open Access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).Antiretroviral treatmentCo-inhibitory immune checkpointsCTLA-4LAG-3PD-1PD-L1TIM-3SDG-03: Good health and well-beingSDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructureAntiretroviral therapy (ART)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Article