Hellferscee, OrienkaTreurnicht, Florette K.Walaza, SibongileDu Plessis, MignonVon Gottberg, AnneWolter, NicoleMoyes, JocelynDawood, HalimaVariava, EbrahimPretorius, Marthi AndréaVenter, MarietjieCohen, CherylTempia, Stefano2019-05-302019-06Hellferscee, O., Treurnicht, F.K., Walaza, S. et al. 2019, 'The fraction of Rhinovirus detections attributable to mild and severe respiratory illness in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, South Africa, 2013-2015', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 219, no. 11, pp. 1697-1704.0022-1899 (print)1537-6613 (online)10.1093/infdis/jiy725http://hdl.handle.net/2263/69244BACKGROUND : The association of rhinovirus (RV) detection to illness is poorly understood. METHODS : We enrolled case patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI) at 2 hospitals and outpatients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and asymptomatic individuals (controls) from 2 affiliated clinics during 2013–2015. We compared the RV prevalence among ILI and SRI cases to those of controls stratified by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus using penalized logistic regression. The attributable fraction (AF) was calculated. RESULTS : During 2013–2015, RV was detected in 17.4% (368/2120), 26.8% (979/3654), and 23.0% (1003/4360) of controls, ILI cases, and SRI cases, respectively. The RV AF (95% confidence interval) was statistically significant among children aged <5 years (ILI: 44.6% [30.7%–55.7%] and SRI: 50.3% [38.6%–59.9%]; P < .001) and individuals aged ≥5 years (ILI: 62.9% [54.4%–69.8%] and SRI: 51.3% [38.7%–61.3%]; P < .001) as well as among HIV-infected (ILI: 59.9% [45.8%–70.3%] and SRI: 39.8% [22.3%–53.3%]; P < .001) and HIV-uninfected (ILI: 53.6% [44.7%–61.1%] and SRI: 55.3% [45.6%–63.2%]; P < .001) individuals. CONCLUSIONS : Although RV detection was common among controls, it was also associated with a substantial proportion of clinical illness across age groups, irrespective of HIV status.en© The Author 2018. Published by Oxford University Press for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. This is a pre-copy-editing, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Journal of Infectious Diseases following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is : 'The fraction of Rhinovirus detections attributable to mild and severe respiratory illness in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence, South Africa, 2013-2015', Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 219, no. 11, pp. 1697-1704, 2019. doi : 10.1093/infdis/jiy725, is available online at : https://academic.oup.com/jid.Attributable fractionInfluenza-like illness (ILI)Severe respiratory illnessRhinovirus (RV)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)Flu-like illnessInfectionsSouth Africa (SA)Serotonin uptake inhibitorsInpatientsVirusesPostprint Article