Queiroz, Rafael de PinhoSmit, Derrick P.Peters, Remco P.H.Vasconcelos-Santos, Daniel Vitor2021-02-082020Queiroz, R.D., Smit, D.P., Peters, R.P.H. et al. 2020, 'Double trouble : challenges in the diagnosis and management of ocular syphilis in HIV-infected individuals', Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1040-1048, doi: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1772839.0927-3948 (print)1744-5078 (online)10.1080/09273948.2020.1772839http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78317Syphilis and HIV infection may coexist in the same individual. Ocular syphilis and/or neurosyphilis may develop at any stage of coinfection, with a stronger association between ocular and neurosyphilis in individuals living with HIV, than in HIV-uninfected individuals. The diagnosis of ocular syphilis in HIV-infected and -uninfected patients remains with some controversy due to unspecific clinical manifestations and limited diagnostic tests. Penicillin is the mainstay of treatment of ocular syphilis, but alternative options are warranted. This review describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by ocular syphilis against the background of HIV coinfection.en© 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an electronic version of an article published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1040-1048, 2020, doi: 10.1080/09273948.2020.1772839. Ocular Immunology and Inflammation is available online at : https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ioii20.ChallengesDiagnosisHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)ManagementOcular syphilisHIV infectionsSyphilisPostprint Article