Han, WanjingDe Schryver, Gilles-Maurice2026-03-262026-02-11Wanjing Han, Gilles-Maurice de Schryver, Perceptions of Language Service Technologies and Reference Works by Chinese Users in the Era of Generative AI, International Journal of Lexicography, Volume 39, 2026, ecag002, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijl/ecag002.0950-3846 (print)1477-4577 (online)10.1093/ijl/ecag002http://hdl.handle.net/2263/109306Supplementary material and data availability • Addendum A - User Reviews • Addendum B - User Reviews Analysis • Addendum C - Questionnaire • Addendum D - Questionnaire Analysis • Python code all available from the Open Science Framework (OSF) at https://osf.io/bqpxr/files/osfstorageAs paper dictionaries, digital reference works, machine-translation systems, and emerging AI-based language tools increasingly coexist, there is a need to reassess how users evaluate these resources and what kinds of lexicographic support they now require. Drawing on user reviews and questionnaire data from over one thousand Chinese learners of advanced English, this study shows that, for most of these users, traditional paper and digital dictionaries are no longer perceived as sufficient for many of their real-world tasks. Instead, they express a growing demand for more adaptive and context-sensitive forms of lexical assistance. Beyond definitions, they expect support with authentic usage, genre- and domain-related terminology, and culturally-rich language needs. The findings also suggest that recent AI technologies may reshape lexicographic practice, raising questions about the future scope of lexicography and the role of lexicographers.en© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.Print dictionariesMobile reference appsTranslation platformsChatbotsUser reviewsDictionary consultationArtificial intelligence (AI)Closed-ended questionnairesOpen-ended questionnairesGenerative AI (GenAI)EnglishChinesePostprint Article