Pomilla, CristinaAmaral, Ana R.Collins, TimothyMinton, GiannaFindlay, Kenneth PierceLeslie, Matthew S.Ponnampalam, LouisaBaldwin, RobertRosenbaum, Howard C.2015-03-162015-03-162014-12Pomilla C, Amaral AR, Collins T, Minton G, Findlay K, Leslie, MS, Ponnampalam, L, Baldwin, R & Rosenbaum, H (2014) The World’s Most Isolated and Distinct Whale Population? Humpback Whales of the Arabian Sea. PLoS ONE 9(12): e114162. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.01141621549-1277 (print)1549-1676 (online)10.1371/journal.pone.0114162http://hdl.handle.net/2263/44002A clear understanding of population structure is essential for assessing conservation status and implementing management strategies. A small, nonmigratory population of humpback whales in the Arabian Sea is classified as ‘‘Endangered’’ on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an assessment constrained by a lack of data, including limited understanding of its relationship to other populations. We analysed 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA sequences extracted from 67 Arabian Sea humpback whale tissue samples and compared them to equivalent datasets from the Southern Hemisphere and North Pacific. Results show that the Arabian Sea population is highly distinct; estimates of gene flow and divergence times suggest a Southern Indian Ocean origin but indicate that it has been isolated for approximately 70,000 years, remarkable for a species that is typically highly migratory. Genetic diversity values are significantly lower than those obtained for Southern Hemisphere populations and signatures of ancient and recent genetic bottlenecks were identified. Our findings suggest this is the world’s most isolated humpback whale population, which, when combined with low population abundance estimates and anthropogenic threats, raises concern for its survival. We recommend an amendment of the status of the population to ‘‘Critically Endangered’’ on the IUCN Red List.en© 2014 Pomilla et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae)Arabian SeaArabian Sea populationIsolated humpback whale populationCritically endangered speciesArticle