Hu, KeSchneider, ChristianHutchinson, Mark R.Ergen, EminGeistlinger, MichaelKilloughery, IainBraumann, Klaus-MichaelLazzoli, Jose KawazoeSeto, JaneBigard, XavierDebruyne, AndreJegier, AnnaPapadopoulou, TheodoraManonelles, PedroArroyo, FranciscoGhrairi, MouradCintron, Ana V.Zupet, PetraLeitao, Marcelo BichelsKayikci, UmutcanKopile, Daniel ArkaderPigozzi, FabioFossati, ChiaraDi Gianfrancesco, AlessiaDi Luigi, LuigiStafrace, Kirill MicallefIonescu, AncaWolfarth, BerndErgun, MetinRoberts, William O.Natsis, KonstantinosTooth, CamilleRozenstoka, SandraCasajus, Jose AntonioMuniz-Pardos, BorjaNahon, Roberto LohnShroff, MalavXie, MinhaoConstantinou, DemitriJanse van Rensburg, Dina ChristinaUlkar, BuelentJowett, AndrewBadtieva, VictoriyaKaux, Jean-FrancoisBaumgartl, PeterPapaellina, Clea HadjistephanouSteinacker, JuergenMotta-Pensabene, JulioReer, RuedigerBachl, NorbertMigliorini, SergioZahar, MaherStuart, MarkBilzon, JamesMassazza, GiuseppeDi Pietro, BrunoHassan, Khaled MassoudDrummond, Felix AlbuquerqueFincoeur, BertrandPetroczi, AndreaPitsiladis, Yannis2025-10-232025-10-232025-10Hu, K., Schneider, C., Hutchinson, M.R. et al. Health and Performance Challenges in the Era of Human Enhancement: Insights from Sport Medicine Professionals. Sports Medicine 55, 2627–2640 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02258-7.0112-1642 (print)1179-2035 (online)10.1007/s40279-025-02258-7http://hdl.handle.net/2263/104831DATA AVAILABILITY : The data supporting this study, which include de-identified data, are available upon reasonable request. Interested researchers can obtain the data by contacting the corresponding author (Y.P.) at ypitsiladis@hkbu.edu.hk.BACKGROUND : In the pursuit of sporting success, some elite athletes prioritise peak performance over long-term health, frequently resulting in significant and enduring health consequences. The Enhanced Games (TEG) position themselves as a bold experiment in transhumanism, advocating for the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), including methods banned by World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), to push the boundaries of human athletic potential. OBJECTIVES : The aim of this study is to explore the perspectives of sport physicians, sport scientists, physiotherapists and other allied healthcare professionals on treating and supporting “enhanced athletes”, with the view of informing future guidelines. METHODS : Participants were invited via email and personal contacts within sport medicine communities to complete a brief anonymous survey via QuestionPro™. Descriptive statistics were performed using Excel™ and RStudio™. RESULTS : A total of 323 healthcare professionals responded (82% were sport physicians), among whom 74% expressed a willingness to treat acute lesions and/or chronic diseases in “enhanced athletes”. In comparison, a considerable minority (30%) expressed support for assisting athletes in their use of PEDs and methods under medically supervised conditions, with high consistency across professional roles. A relatively high readiness was observed in sport physicians treating acute (77% versus 58%; p < 0.01) and chronic (75% versus 63%; p = 0.11) diseases for “enhanced athletes”. As far as WADA rules and/or national anti-doping laws apply, this support presupposes compliance with the code and the respective national laws to protect physicians from serious professional, legal and personal consequences. CONCLUSION : The preliminary findings align with the broader goal of fostering a sport culture that values both peak performance and the short- and long-term health of all participants. These results emphasise the necessity of implementing professional guidelines and comprehensive support systems designed to safeguard the long-term well-being of all athletes and underscore the urgent need for further research into the impact of TEG on sport and its community.en© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs)Future guidelinesSport physiciansSport scientistsPhysiotherapistsHealthcare professionalsEnhanced athletesArticle