Van Eeden, RonwynRapoport, Bernardo LeonSmit, TeresaAnderson, Ronald2020-01-312020-01-312019-07-24van Eeden R, Rapoport BL, Smit T and Anderson R (2019) Tuberculosis Infection in a Patient Treated With Nivolumab for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Case Report and Literature Review. Frontiers in Oncology 9:659. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.006592234-943X (online)10.3389/fonc.2019.00659http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73040Nivolumab (PD-1 inhibitor) and other immune checkpoint inhibitors are used primarily to promote reactivation of anti-tumor immunity. However, due to their generalized immunorestorative properties, these agents may also trigger an unusual spectrum of side-effects termed immune-related adverse events. In the case of the lung, pulmonary infiltrates in patients treated with the anti-PD-1 inhibitors, nivolumab, or pembrolizumab, especially patients with non-small cell lung cancer, can result from immune-related pneumonitis, which, until fairly recently was believed to be of non-infective origin. This, in turn, may result in progression and pseudo-progression of disease. An increasing body of evidence has, however, identified pulmonary tuberculosis as an additional type of anti-PD-1 therapy-associated, immune-related adverse event, seemingly as a consequence of excessive reactivation of immune responsiveness to latentMycobacteriumtuberculosis infection. The current case report describes a 56-year old Caucasian female who presented with microbiologically-confirmed tuberculosis infection while on nivolumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Notably, the patient, seemingly the first described from the African Continent, had not received immunosuppressive therapy prior to the diagnosis of tuberculosis.en© 2019 van Eeden, Rapoport, Smit and Anderson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).Checkpoint inhibitorsNon-small cell lung cancerPulmonary infiltratesImmune reconstitutionTuberculosis (TB)NivolumabLung cancerArticle