Fan, LeiMohseni Nejad, ShimaBagherpour, MortezaFeylizadeh, Mohammad RezaKarimi, Negar2025-07-112025-07-112025-06Fan, L.; Mohseni Nejad, S.; Bagherpour, M.; Feylizadeh, M.R.; Karimi, N. Modeling Sustainable Earned Value Management (EVM) Under Grey Uncertain Conditions. Systems 2025, 13, 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13060484.2079-8954 (online)10.3390/systems13060484http://hdl.handle.net/2263/103304DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT : Data are available upon request.The EVM method is an essential project management technique that compares the work done to the planned values (PVs) to identify project variances. However, the inherent uncertainties and possibilities in the project introduce uncertainty in the input data. Despite this importance, the input data for this method is often considered deterministic in most research, and several researchers have modeled it under fuzzy information. In this research, we developed a novel approach using a combined model of fuzzy numbers and grey numbers called interval grey triangular fuzzy (IGTF) numbers. This model is designed to manage the project’s fuzzy grey value, addressing the two pillars of fuzzy and grey uncertainty. The findings of the study indicate that by combining the grey degree of confidence with the triangular fuzzy number (TFN), the results are closer to the real world and more lenient. Finally, based on the estimation of the actual final cost of the project, managers are encouraged to use certainty in lowering costs concerning the value obtained by using the Z-number for the phases of the project. This research provides practical insights and a new model for managing sustainable project uncertainties using fuzzy and grey theories, offering a potential solution to this challenge.en© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Earned value management (EVM)Planned valuesInterval grey triangular fuzzy (IGTF) numbersTriangular fuzzy number (TFN)Value managementUncertaintyFuzzy setsGrey theoryCostSchedule managementArticle