Muhammad, OwaisJiang, HongBilal, MuhammadMushtaq, Muhammad Umer2025-04-152025-04-152025-02Muhammad, O., Jiang, H., Bilal, M. & Mushtaq, M.U. 2025, 'Optimizing power allocation for URLLCD2D in 5G networks with Rician fading channel', PeerJ Computer Science, vol. 11, art. e2712, doi : 10.7717/PEERJ-CS.2712.2376-5992 (online)10.7717/PEERJ-CS.2712http://hdl.handle.net/2263/102083DATA AVAILABILITY : The code is available in the Supplemental File.The rapid evolution of wireless technologies within the 5G network brings significant challenges in managing the increased connectivity and traffic of mobile devices. This enhanced connectivity brings challenges for base stations, which must handle increased traffic and efficiently serve a growing number of mobile devices. One of the key solutions to address these challenges is integrating device-to-device (D2D) communication with ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). This study examines the impact of the Rician fading channel on the performance of D2D communication under URLLC. It addresses the critical problem of optimizing power allocation to maximize the minimum data rate in D2D communication. A significant challenge arises due to interference issues, as the problem of maximizing the minimum data rate is non-convex, which leads to high computational complexity. This complexity makes it difficult to derive optimal solutions efficiently. To address this challenge, we introduce an algorithm that is based on derivatives to find the optimal power allocation. Comparisons are made with the branch and bound (B&B) algorithm, heuristic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Our proposed algorithm improves power allocation performance and also achieves faster execution with lower computational complexity compared to the B&B, PSO, and heuristic algorithms.en© 2025 Muhammad et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Device-to-device (D2D)Ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC)Branch and bound (B&B)Heuristic algorithmParticle swarm optimization (PSO)D2D communicationRician fadingPower allocationAlgorithmsAnalysis of algorithmsComputer networks and communicationsInternet of Things (IoT)SDG-09: Industry, innovation and infrastructureArticle