Semiochemical-based strategies for sustainable management of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Semiochemicals are produced by diverse taxa to mediate intra- and interspecific communication. These chemical cues are becoming increasingly important in integrated pest management (IPM) for manipulating key behaviors such as mating, foraging, and host selection in both plant–insect and insect-insect interactions. Semiochemical-based approaches regulate pest populations through techniques such as monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption. Understanding the chemical cues that mediate these interactions is crucial for developing sustainable and targeted pest management options. This review explores the role of semiochemicals in managing insect pests, with a focus on the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a globally significant pest native to the Americas. We discuss composition, variability, efficacy, specificity, and applications of plant volatiles and sex pheromones in pest management. Additionally, we address challenges associated with the adoption of semiochemical-based approaches and highlight emerging research directions to enhance their integration into IPM programs. By synthesizing current knowledge, this review underscores the potential of semiochemical-based strategies to reduce reliance on conventional insecticides while improving pest control efficiency. The strategic application of plant volatiles and sex pheromones in agricultural systems offers an opportunity to develop more ecologically sound and sustainable pest management practices, thereby fostering resilient cropping systems with minimal environmental impact.