Marburg virus disease : epidemiology, immune responses, and innovations in vaccination and treatment for enhanced public health strategies

Abstract

Marburg virus disease (MVD) remains an important global health concern, in part because of its particularly high mortality rate. Caused by orthomarburgviruses, members of the Filoviridae family, the disease mainly appears in sporadic outbreaks in Sub-Sharan Africa, making the surveillance and response efforts difficult. Nearly 20 outbreaks of MVD have been reported globally, including recent events in Tanzania (June 2023 and January 2025) and Rwanda (November 2024). The recurrence emergency of MVD outbreaks in Ebola-prone regions underscores the complexity of controlling filovirus outbreaks and the need for continued research and robust health system preparedness.