Protected area-based tourism as a catalyst for achieving sustainable development goals

Abstract

In many countries, achieving sustainable tourism development is crucial to meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as tourism activities have both direct and indirect impacts on sustainable development. This study examines the role of protected area-based tourism in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in southern Africa, with a focus on Lake Malawi National Park in Malawi and Etosha National Park, along with its adjacent conservancies (King Nehale and Ehi-Rovipuka) in Namibia. Using a qualitative exploratory design within an interpretive paradigm, data were collected through in-depth interviews with diverse stakeholder groups and observation. The findings reveal that protected area-based tourism supports SDG 1 (No Poverty) and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) by generating employment and entrepreneurship opportunities, and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities) by removing all socio-economic barriers. It also advances SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land), and SDG 13 (Climate Action) through biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism practices. Progress is also evident in SDG 4 (Quality Education) through skills training and environmental awareness, and SDG 5 (Gender Equality), and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) through greater residents’ participation in tourism, fostering local capacity and skills in tourism and conservation. In both countries, community participation emerged as central to equitable benefit-sharing and conservation success. The study highlights the need for stronger community engagement, inclusive employment strategies, sustained investment in training and education, effective conflict resolution mechanisms, and continued government and policy support. Protected area-based tourism in these regions demonstrates significant potential in promoting integrated environmental, social, and economic sustainability. With the right enabling conditions, it can serve as a strategic tool for advancing the SDGs and enhancing long-term resilience in communities and ecosystems.