Armed conflicts in Africa : examining sexual violence as an instrument of war

Abstract

Sexual violence finds its most brutal expression during armed conflicts. Across culture and time, sexual violence has assumed a myriad of forms and dimensions. It is widespread, but grossly underreported. It is the deep and multi-dimensional impact of sexual violence on individuals, families, and communities that gives it the status of ‘an instrument of war’, having drastic consequences. This work seeks to lend a voice to ‘breaking the silence’ about sexual violence during armed conflicts, and to contribute towards a better understanding of why and how sexual violence occurs during armed conflicts. Although most post-colonial conflicts in African states are broadly traceable to colonial legacies of fragile states, ethno-political contestation and the complex political economy of resources, the extent of exploitation of vulnerable members of society during conflict may necessarily be a reflection of pre-existing social dynamics. From a constructivist position, this qualitative contribution interrogates the use of sexual violence in advancing the strategic aims and interests of warring parties. The study identifies that sexual violence during armed conflicts is a practice which subverts peacetime norms, and it is considered a taboo in many African societies. We argue that the cultural perception of sexual violence as a taboo makes it a motivator as well as a silencer, for perpetrators and victims respectively. Sexual violence during armed conflict in the Central African Republic (CAR) and the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) are examined. Lessons are drawn from these cases which may be useful to other researchers, practitioners, and policy formulators.