Probing the formation of megaparsec-scale giant radio galaxies. I. Dynamical insights from MHD simulations

Abstract

CONTEXT : Giant radio galaxies (GRGs), a minority among the extended-jetted population, form in a wide range of jet and environmental configurations, complicating the identification of the growth factors that facilitate their attainment of megaparsec scales. AIMS : This study aims to numerically investigate the hypothesized formation mechanisms of GRGs extending ≳ Mpc to assess their general applicability. METHODS : We employ triaxial ambient medium settings to generate varying levels of jet frustration and simulate jets with low and high power from different locations in the environment, formulating five representations. RESULTS : The emergence of distinct giant phases in all five simulated scenarios suggests that GRGs may be more common than previously believed, a prediction to be verified with contemporary radio telescopes. We find that different combinations of jet morphology, power, and the evolutionary age of the formed structure hold the potential to elucidate different formation scenarios. The simulated lobes are over-pressured, prompting further investigation into pressure profiles when jet activity ceases, potentially distinguishing between relic and active GRGs. We observed a potential phase transition in giant radio galaxies, marked by differences in lobe expansion speed and pressure variations compared to their smaller evolutionary phases. This suggests the need for further investigation across a broader parameter space to determine if GRGs fundamentally differ from smaller RGs. Axial ratio analysis reveals self-similar expansion in rapidly propagating jets, with notable deviations when the jet forms wider lobes. Overall, this study emphasizes that multiple growth factors at work can better elucidate the current-day population of GRGs, including scenarios e.g., growth of GRGs in dense environments, GRGs of several megaparsecs, GRG development in low-powered jets, and the formation of X-shaped GRGs.