Suitable sites for fog water collection in Cape Town, South Africa

Abstract

The worldwide shortage of fresh water is a critical issue, with two-thirds of the world’s freshwater being inaccessible, as it is locked up in frozen glaciers. Additionally, arid areas such as South Africa are experiencing increased water scarcity, with regions such as Cape Town having already announced “day zero”, the day when the city’s dams will run out of water. Fog water collection provides a sustainable and alternative source of fresh water. Nevertheless, existing methods for identifying suitable locations rely on manual and trial-based approaches. This study focuses on finding suitable locations for fog harvesting in Cape Town via geographic information system (GIS)-based multicriteria decision analysis. To accomplish this, relevant factors for fog harvesting were identified in the literature and then transformed into spatial data layers. Next, weights were assigned to criteria layers via the analytical hierarchy process method, ultimately creating a final suitability map through a weighted overlay of these criteria layers. The findings of this study indicated that regions near coastlines, with low temperatures and strong winds, elevations above 1000 m or below 200 m, and steep slopes facing the ocean are the most favourable locations for harvesting fog water. This approach could be replicated in other regions, but caution is necessary when determining criteria and thresholds because of the localised nature of fog.