Behavioural changes in African elephants in response to wildlife tourism

dc.contributor.authorSzott, Isabelle D.
dc.contributor.authorPretorius, Yolanda
dc.contributor.authorKoyama, Nicola F.
dc.date.accessioned2019-12-09T06:59:29Z
dc.date.issued2019-07
dc.description.abstractEco‐tourism and human–wildlife interaction can lead to increases in stress, vigilance and aggression in many species, however, studies investigating wildlife viewing are scarce. We present the first study investigating the impact of wildlife tourism on African elephant, Loxodonta africana, behaviour. Over 15 months, we studied the effect of monthly tourist pressure (tourist numbers) on the occurrence of stress‐related, vigilance and conspecific‐directed aggressive behaviour in 26 individually identified elephants and the effect of up to three vehicles on the direction of travel of non‐identified herds using 5‐min continuous focal observations. We analysed the effect of tourist pressure and vehicle presence using generalized linear mixed models, including habitat type, herd type and size and season, as well as sex and age for behaviour models, as additional factors. We found no effect of factors on stress‐related behaviour, but elephants were more likely to perform vigilance behaviours at waterholes compared to other habitat types. As tourist pressure increased, conspecific‐directed aggression in elephants increased and male elephants were more likely to perform conspecific‐directed aggression compared to female elephants. Furthermore, we found that elephant herds became increasingly likely to move away with increasing numbers of vehicles present. Results suggest that reserves should monitor elephant behaviour to identify when tourist pressure has potential effects on elephant welfare and train guides to monitor behaviour and adjust minimum distances flexibly to ensure high welfare standards and tourist safety. This study further contributes to a small but growing body of literature on non‐consumptive wildlife tourism impacts on wild animals.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentCentre for Wildlife Managementen_ZA
dc.description.embargo2020-07-01
dc.description.librarianhj2019en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipThe AESOP (A European and South African Partnership on Heritage and Past) Erasmus Mundus Programme Mobility Scholarship and the Liverpool John Moores University Matched Funding Scholarship.en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14697998en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationSzott, I.D., Pretorius, Y. & Koyama, N.F. 2019, 'Behavioural changes in African elephants in response to wildlife tourism', Journal of Zoology, vol. 308, no. 1, pp. 164-174.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn0952-8369 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1469-7998 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1111/jzo.12661
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/72541
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherWileyen_ZA
dc.rights© 2019 The Zoological Society of London. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article : 'Behavioural changes in African elephants in response to wildlife tourism', Journal of Zoology, vol. 308, no. 1, pp. 164-174, 2019, doi : 10.1111/jzo.12661. The definite version is available at : https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14697998.en_ZA
dc.subjectAfrican elephant (Loxodonta africana)en_ZA
dc.subjectDisturbanceen_ZA
dc.subjectEco-tourismen_ZA
dc.subjectConservationen_ZA
dc.subjectStressen_ZA
dc.subjectAnimal welfareen_ZA
dc.subjectGame driveen_ZA
dc.subjectWildlife viewingen_ZA
dc.subjectAgeen_ZA
dc.subjectImpactsen_ZA
dc.subjectCorridorsen_ZA
dc.subjectPopulationen_ZA
dc.subjectTranslocationen_ZA
dc.subjectMusthen_ZA
dc.subjectVigilanceen_ZA
dc.titleBehavioural changes in African elephants in response to wildlife tourismen_ZA
dc.typePostprint Articleen_ZA

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