Inequality in carbon intensity in EU-28 : analysis based on club convergence

dc.contributor.authorEmir, Firat
dc.contributor.authorBalcilar, Mehmet
dc.contributor.authorShahbaz, Muhammad
dc.date.accessioned2019-09-16T10:55:04Z
dc.date.issued2019-02
dc.description.abstractThis study examines the convergence properties of CO2 intensity in EU-28 countries, using panel data for the period 1990 to 2016. We use Phillips and Sul’s (2007) approach to test for CO2 intensity convergence and identify convergence clubs. In addition to the EU-28 members, we analyze the EU-15, and the new EU members (EU-new) that joined after 2004, as distinct groups for the periods 1990–2016, 1990–2004, and 2005–2016. Our results show no convergence to a single group among the EU countries during the full and two subsample periods. However, the convergence takes place within five to seven clubs for the EU-28 and within three to five clubs for the EU-15 and EU-new. There is no evidence of all members converging to a single club in either group or the three sub-periods examined. This study highlights the need for adopting new strategies considering club properties and for sustainable growth, which meets the EU-28 environmental regulation standards.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentEconomicsen_ZA
dc.description.embargo2020-02-01
dc.description.librarianhj2019en_ZA
dc.description.urihttp://link.springer.com/journal/11356en_ZA
dc.identifier.citationEmir, F., Balcilar, M. & Shahbaz, M. Inequality in carbon intensity in EU-28: analysis based on club convergence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2019) 26: 3308-3319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3858-1.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn0944-1344 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1614-7499 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1007/s11356-018-3858-1
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/71361
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherSpringeren_ZA
dc.rights© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018. The original publication is available at : http://link.springer.com/journal/11356.en_ZA
dc.subjectCarbon intensityen_ZA
dc.subjectClub convergenceen_ZA
dc.subjectConvergence testen_ZA
dc.subjectEuropean Union (EU)en_ZA
dc.subjectEconomic growthen_ZA
dc.subjectEnergy consumption (EC)en_ZA
dc.subjectCO2 emissionsen_ZA
dc.titleInequality in carbon intensity in EU-28 : analysis based on club convergenceen_ZA
dc.typePostprint Articleen_ZA

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