The effectiveness of the SADC Organ on politics, defence and security cooperation in maintaining regional security in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Lesotho : 1996 – 2020

Abstract

This study critically evaluates the role of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) in promoting regional security and political stability through its interventions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Lesotho. It assesses the operations of the SADC Organ on Politics, Defence, and Security Cooperation using frameworks such as regional security complexes, collective security, security communities, and security from 1996 to 2020. The study examines the Organ’s military and diplomatic interventions during the First and Second Congo Wars, analysing how the national interests of member states, SADC’s internal contradictions, and commitment (or not) to its protocols influenced the outcomes. A particular focus is placed on the 1998 SADC military intervention, followed by the political and diplomatic dialogue that ensued. This includes the negotiation processes, SADC’s ineffective decision-making mechanisms, and issues related to state fragility demonstrated by the DRC’s limited control over its territory and weakened armed forces. Additionally, the analysis covers Lesotho, identifying patterns of recurring political crises that have required SADC interventions, including Operation Boleas in 1998 and subsequent peacebuilding efforts. The study underscores the complex balance between respecting state sovereignty and advocating for regional interventions to stabilise fragile democracies. These cases reveal significant shortcomings and gaps in SADC's ability to operationalise its principles, including slow response times, national interests dominating over regional interests, and minimal engagement with civil society and human security issues. Ultimately, while SADC has played a significant role in advancing regional peace and stability, its long-term effectiveness will depend on strengthening institutional decision-making processes, fostering greater cohesion among member states, and prioritising a comprehensive human security approach for lasting peace. Addressing its limitations will enable SADC to fulfill its mission of preventing conflicts, promoting good governance, and ensuring sustainable development in Southern Africa.