Essays in rural energy, forest dependency and covariates of fuel saving technologies in Ethiopia

dc.contributor.advisorKoch, Steven F.en
dc.contributor.advisorBlignaut, James Nelsonen
dc.contributor.emailabebed2002@yahoo.co.uken
dc.contributor.postgraduateBeyene, Abebe Damteen
dc.date.accessioned2013-09-06T17:37:38Z
dc.date.available2012-05-15en
dc.date.available2013-09-06T17:37:38Z
dc.date.created2012-04-18en
dc.date.issued2012-05-15en
dc.date.submitted2012-05-08en
dc.descriptionThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012.en
dc.description.abstractEnglish: This thesis contains empirical findings on rural energy, forest resource use and fuel saving technologies in Ethiopia. Using a household survey data conducted in different parts of the country, efforts were made to contribute to the limited empirical evidences in Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular. The thesis has four empirical chapters and the first and the last chapters of the thesis are the introduction and summary, respectively. The main findings and policy implications are highlighted below. The second chapter examines the coping mechanisms of rural households to fuel wood scarcity. Using randomly selected households, the results of the empirical analysis show that rural households residing in forest degraded areas respond to fuel wood shortages by increasing their labor input to fuel wood collection. The study also finds that there is no evidence for the substitution between fuel wood and dung or fuel wood and crop residues. Supply side strategies alone may not be effective in addressing the problem of forest degradation and biodiversity losses. Any policy on natural resource management in general and rural energy problems in particular should make a distinction between regions of different forest degradation level. The third chapter examines the relationship between property rights and household demand for fuel wood, as measured by the source from which fuel wood is collected. Results from the discrete choice model indicate that active local-level institutions reduce the dependency on community forests, but, otherwise, increase household dependency on open access forests. However, land tenure security and local level institutions do not increase demand for fuel wood collected from private forests. The results suggest that there is a need to bring more open access forests under the management of the community and increase the quality of community forestry management in order to realize improvements in forest conservation. The fourth chapter of this thesis deals with finding empirical evidence on the role of local level institutions and property right regimes on forest dependency using data from a random sample of rural households in Ethiopia. We find that forest dependency is negatively correlated to the wealth status of the household. Our estimation results suggest that local level institutions are not significant factors in determining use of non wood forest products unlike major forest products such as timber or woody materials in general. We also find that there is a need to expand the current practice of participatory forest management to other open access forest areas. We conclude that generalization on the forest-poverty link depends on the type of forest management and the specific characteristics that prevail in the area. The last chapter of the thesis deals with finding empirical evidence on the determinants of adoption of different types of fuel saving technologies in urban Ethiopia. The duration analysis suggests that adoption rates have been increasing over time, that income and wealth are important contributors to adoption, and that substitute technologies tend to hinder adoption of Lakech charcoal stove. However, it was not possible to consider prices or perceptions related to either the technologies or biomass availability in the duration models, and, therefore, further research is needed in order to further inform policy with respect to household technology adoption decisions. Sepedi: Thesese ye e na le dikutollo tše di bonagalago ka ga enetši ya dinagamagaeng, tšhomišo ya methopo ya sethokgweng; le ditheknolotši tša go seketša dibešwa ka Ethiopia. Ka go šomiša tshedimošo ya diphatišišo tša ka malapeng tšeo di dirilwego ka dikarolo tše di fapafapanego tša mo nageng, matsapa a dirilwe go tsenya letsogo go bohlatse bjo bonnyane bjo go hweditšwego ka Afrika ka kakaretšo le ka kudu ka Ethiopia. Thesese e na le dikgaolo tše nne tša dinyakišišo gomme kgaolo ya mathomo le ya mafelelo ke matseno le kakaretšo, ka go latelana. Dikutollo tše kgolo le diabe go melawana di laeditšwe ka mo fase. Kgaolo ya bobedi e lekola mekgwa ya go kgona go phela ya malapa a dinagamagaeng go tlhokego ya dibešwa tša dikgong. Ka go šomiša malapa ao a kgethilwego ka sewelo, dipoelo tša tshekatsheko ya bohlatse bja dinyakišišo di laetša gore malapa a dinagamagaeng ao a lego ka mafelong ao dithokgwa tša ona di sentšwego a arabela ditlhaelelo tša dibešwa tša dikgong ka go oketša mošomo wa bona wa diatla go kgoboketša dibešwa tša dikgong. Dinyakišišo gape di utollotše gore ga go na le bohlatse bja go tšeela legato magareng ga dibešwa tša dikgong le dišu le mašaledi a dibjalo. Mekgwa ya lehlakore la kabo e nnoši e ka no se kgone go rarolla bothata bjo bja tshenyo ya dithokgwa le tahlegelo ya mehutahuta ya diphedi. Molawana ofe goba ofe ka ga taolo ya methopo ka kakaretšo le mathata a enetši ya dinagamagaeng kudukudu o swanetše go tliša pharologano magareng ga maemo a tshenyo ya dithokgwa ao a fapafapanego. Kgaolo ya boraro e lekola kamano magareng ga ditokelo go thoto le nyakego ya ka malapeng ya dibešwa tša dikgong, ka ge di elwa ka mothopo wo dibešwa tša dikgong di tšewago gona. Dipoelo tše di tšwago go mokgwa wa kgetho wo o sa amanego di laetša gore dihlongwa tša maemo a selegae di fokotša go tshepsha ga dithokgwa tša ditšhaba, eupša, go sa le bjale, di oketša tshepho ya malapa ya go fihlelela dithokgwa ntle le mapheko. Le ge go le bjale, tšhireletšo ya go tsena nageng le dihlongwa tša maemo a ka nageng ga di oketše nyakego ya dibešwa tša dikgong tšeo di tšerwego ka dithokgweng tša phraebete. Dipoelo di šišinya gore go na le tlhokego ya gore go be le dithokgwa tše dingwe tše di fihlelelwago tšeo di lego ka fase ga taolo ya setšhaba le go oketša boleng bja taolo ya dithokgwa ka setšhaba ka nepo ya go fihlelela dikaonafalo tša pabalelo ya dithokgwa. Kgaolo ya bone ya thesese ye e mabapi le go hwetša bohlatse bja dinyakišišo ka ga tema ye e kgathwago ke dihlongwa tša maemong a selegae le mananeo a tokelo ya dithoto ka ga go tshepha dithokgwa ka go šomiša tshedimošo go tšwa go sampole ya sewelo ya malapa a dinagamagaeng ka Ethiopia. Re hwetša gore go tshepha dithokgwa ka dikgong go amantšhwa gampe le maemo a bohumi a lapa. Kakanyo ya rena e šišinya gore dihlongwa tša maemo a selegae ga se ditheo tše bohlokwa tša go laola tšhomišo ya ditšweletšwa tšeo e sego tša ka dithokgweng go fapana le ditšweletšwa tša dithokgwa tša go swana le dikota goba dikgong ka kakaretšo. Re hweditše gape gore go na le nyakego ya go oketša tiro ya bjale ya taolo ya dithokgwa ka go kgatha tema go ya go mafelo a mangwe a dithokgwa tšeo di buletšwego. Re fetša ka gore kakaretšo ya kamano ya dithokgwa le bohloki mabapi le mohuta wa taolo ya sethokgwa le dibopego tše itšego tšeo di lego gona lefelong leo. Kgaolo ya mafelelo ya thesese e mabapi le go hwetša bohlatse bja dinyakišišo ka ga dilaodi tša tirišo ya mehuta ye e fapafapanego ya ditheknolotši tša go boloka dibešwa ka metsesetoropong ya Ethiopia. Tshekatsheko ya nako ye e tšewago e šišinya gore dikelo tša tirišo di oketšegile ge nako e dutše e sepela, le gore letseno le lehumo ke dilo tše bohlokwa tšeo di tsenyago letsogo go tirišo, le gore ditheknolotši tše di tšeago legato di fela di šitiša tirišo ya setofo sa malahla a tšhakhoulu a Lakech. Le ge go le bjale, go be go sa kgonagale go hlokomela ditheko goba maikutlo ao a amanago le ditheknolotši tšeo goba go hwetšagala ga payomase ka go mekgwa ya nako yeo, le, ka fao, go sa nyakega dinyakišišo tše dingwe go tšwela pele gore re kgone go hlahla melawana ya mabapi le diphetho ka ga tirišo ya theknolotši ya ka malapeng. Afrikaans: Hierdie proefskrif bevat empiriese bevindinge oor landelike energie, boshulpbrongebruik en brandstofbesparende tegnologieë in Ethiopië. Deur gebruik te maak van huishoudelike opnamedata wat in verskillende dele van die land uitgevoer is, is pogings aangewend om by te dra tot die beperkte empiriese bewyse in Afrika in die algemeen en Ethiopië in die besonder. Die proeskrif het vier empiriese hoofstukke, en die eerste en die laaste hoofstukke van die proefskrif is onderskeidelik die inleiding en opsomming. Die hoofbevindinge en beleidsimplikasies word hieronder uitgelig. Die tweede hoofstuk ondersoek die hanteringsmeganismes van landelike huishoudings om houtskaarste aan te dryf. Deur gebruik te maak van ewekansig geselekteerde huishoudings, toon die resultate van die empiriese ontleding dat landelike huishoudings wat in woudgedegradeerde gebiede woon, op brandhouttekorte reageer deur hul arbeidsinsette tot die versameling van brandhout te verhoog. Die studie bevind ook dat daar geen bewyse is vir die vervanging tussen brandhout en mis, of brandhout en oesreste nie. Aanbodkantstrategieë alleen is moontlik nie effektief om die probleem van wouddegradasie en biodiversiteitsverliese aan te spreek nie. Enige beleid oor natuurlike hulpbronbestuur in die algemeen en landelike energieprobleme in die besonder, moet 'n onderskeid maak tussen streke met verskillende wouddegradasievlakke. Die derde hoofstuk ondersoek die verband tussen eiendomsregte en huishoudelike vraag na brandhout, soos gemeet deur die bron waaruit brandhout versamel word. Resultate van die diskrete keusemodel dui daarop dat aktiewe plaaslike instellings die afhanklikheid van gemeenskapsbosse verminder, maar andersins huishoudelike afhanklikheid van ooptoegangbosse verhoog. Grondbesitsekerheid en plaaslike instellings verhoog egter nie die vraag na brandhout wat uit privaatbosse versamel word nie. Die resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n behoefte is om meer ooptoegangbosse onder die bestuur van die gemeenskap te bring en die gehalte van gemeenskapsbosboubestuur te verhoog om verbeterings in bosbewaring te bewerkstellig. Die vierde hoofstuk van hierdie proefskrif handel oor die vind van empiriese bewyse oor die rol van plaaslike instellings en eiendomsregstelsels op bosafhanklikheid deur gebruik te maak van data van 'n ewekansige steekproef van landelike huishoudings in Ethiopië. Ons vind dat bosafhanklikheid negatief gekorreleer is met die welvaartstatus van die huishouding. Ons skattingsresultate dui daarop dat plaaslike instellings nie beduidende faktore is in die bepaling van die gebruik van niehoutbosprodukte nie, anders as belangrike bosprodukte soos hout of houtagtige materiale in die algemeen. Ons vind ook dat daar 'n behoefte is om die huidige praktyk van deelnemende bosbestuur uit te brei na ander ooptoegangbosgebiede. Ons kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat veralgemening oor die verband tussen bos en armoede afhang van die tipe bosbestuur en die spesifieke eienskappe wat in die gebied heers. Die laaste hoofstuk van die proefskrif handel oor die vind van empiriese bewyse oor die determinante van die aanvaarding van verskillende tipes brandstofbesparende tegnologieë in stedelike Ethiopië. Die duurontleding dui daarop dat die aanvaardingsyfers mettertyd toegeneem het, dat inkomste en welvaart belangrike bydraers tot die aanvaarding is, en dat plaasvervangende tegnologieë geneig is om die aanvaarding van Lakech-houtskoolstowe te belemmer. Dit was egter nie moontlik om pryse of persepsies met betrekking tot die tegnologieë of die beskikbaarheid van biomassa in die duurmodelle in ag te neem nie, en daarom is verdere navorsing nodig om beleid verder te beïnvloed met betrekking tot besluite oor die aanvaarding van huishoudelike tegnologie.en
dc.description.availabilityunrestricteden
dc.description.departmentEconomicsen
dc.identifier.citationBeyene, AD 2011, Essays in rural energy, forest dependency and covariates of fuel saving technologies in Ethiopia, PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd< http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24469 >en
dc.identifier.otherD12/4/325/agen
dc.identifier.upetdurlhttp://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05082012-175433/en
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/24469
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherUniversity of Pretoriaen_ZA
dc.rights© 2011 University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria.en
dc.subjectFuel saving technologiesen
dc.subjectEthiopiaen
dc.subjectRural energyen
dc.subjectForest resource useen
dc.subjectUCTDen_US
dc.titleEssays in rural energy, forest dependency and covariates of fuel saving technologies in Ethiopiaen
dc.typeThesisen

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