Cancer stemness and dedifferentiation in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma : insights into a multigenic, microenvironmental network and the role of CD44

Abstract

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an aggressive and lethal malignancy that carries a poor prognosis. Moreover, there are limited therapeutic options for managing ATC. There is increasing evidence that implicates the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the processes of dedifferentiation in the progression, therapeutic resistance, and metastatic potential of ATC. In this review, we integrate the molecular and cellular insights into the CSCs paradigm in ATC to highlight the role of stemness-associated markers that include CD44, CD133, and ALDH1. We put special emphasis on the role of CD44 and its variant isoforms (CD44v), which play a role in the interface of cancer stemness, tumour microenvironment crosstalk, modulation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), chemoresistance, and metastasis. The contribution of signalling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, MAPK, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hedgehog) to hypoxia, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in sustaining CSC niches will be discussed. The review explores advances in molecular diagnostics, imaging technologies, and targeted therapeutic strategies with the potential to disrupt CSC-driven tumour maintenance. Through integration of multigenic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental perspectives, this review highlights the potential necessity of CSC-targeted and combination therapies to improve disease outcomes in ATC.