Uncertainty related to infectious diseases and forecastability of the volatility of financial assets

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University of Pretoria

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English: In the context of the great turmoil in the financial markets caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, we examine the predictability of the US Treasury securities (Chapter 2), international stocks (Chapter 3), foreign exchange rates and Bitcoin (Chapter 4) and agricultural commodity futures (Chapter 5) given daily infectious diseases-related uncertainties (EMVID) using the heterogonous autoregressive volatility (HAV-RV) model. On stationary intraday data computed from a 5-minute interval, we conduct a recursive out-of-sample forecast. Through the RMSFE metric, our results provide evidence that these financial assets remain attractive to investors within the pandemic episode, with Bitcoin obtaining significantly high forecast gains among all the other assets in the medium and long forecast horizons. The US Treasury securities remain risk-free and the worldwide recognition of gold as a “safe haven” asset is emphasised. Among the agricultural traded commodities, cocoa and oats futures had significant forecast gains. The international stocks in Pakistan and Singapore appeared to be the most volatile. It is also evident that an econometrician can acquire the highest forecast gain in the Swiss Franc futures in the foreign exchange market. In Chapter 6, we use annual data on real gold returns and the probability of fatality due to contagious diseases over the period 1258 to 2020, we detect nonlinearity and regime changes in the relationship between the two variables of concern. We rely on a quantile regression model to show that real gold returns can hedge against the risks associated with such rare disasters (COVID-19), primarily when the market is in its bullish state, with it being negatively impacted in its bearish state. By assessing the role of contagious diseases on these financial assets’ returns we find strong evidence that contagious diseases play an important role in forecasting their RV. Understandably, our results have important portfolio implications for investors, speculators and portfolio managers during periods of high levels of uncertainty associated with infectious diseases. Sepedi: Ka seemong sa mathata a magolo ka mebarakeng ya ditšhelete ao a bakilwego ke go phulega ga COVID-19, re lekola go akanyega ga ditšhireletšo tša Kgoro ya Matlotlo ya US (Kgaolo ya 2), ditoko tša boditšhabatšhaba (Kgaolo ya 3), dikelo tša neelano ya dinaga tša ka ntle le Bitcoin (Kgaolo ya 4) le bokamoso bja ditšweletšwa tša temo (Kgaolo ya 5) ka lebaka la tlhokego ya bokgoni bja malwetši a go feta a ka mehla (EMVID) ka go šomiša mokgwa wa kotsi ya poelomorago ya maitirišo wa makala a mantši (HAV-RV). Go tshedimošo ya go se fetoge ya magareng ga matšatši yeo e dirišwago khomphutheng go tšwa go sebaka sa metsotso ye 5, re dira kakanyo ya ka ntle ga sampole ya tokollo. Ka go diriša methriki wa RMSFE, dipoelo tša rena di fa bohlatse bja gore dithoto tše tša ditšhelete di dula di kgahliša go babeeletši ka gare ga nako ya leuba, fao Bitcoin e hwetšago kudu dikhwetšo tša kakanyo ya godimo gareng ga dithoto ka moka tše dingwe ka go dihoraesone tša kakanyo ya magareng le ya lebaka le letelele. Ditšhireletšo tša Kgoro ya Matlotlo ya US di dula di hloka dikotsi gomme go lemoga gauta lefaseng ka bophara bjalo ka thoto ya “polokego” e a gatelelwa. Magareng ga ditšweletšwa tša temo tšeo go gwebišanwago ka tšona, cocoa le outsu di bile le dikhwetšo tše kgolo tša kakanyo. Ditoko tša boditšhabatšhaba ka Pakistan le ka Singapore di tšweletše di le kotsing kudu. Gape go molaleng gore mošomi wa kelo ya tša ekonomi a ka kgona go hwetša khwetšo ya kakanyo ya godimodimo ka bokamosong bja tšhelete ya Franc ka Switzerland ka mmarakeng wa neelano le dinaga tša ka ntle. Ka go Kgaolo ya 6, re šomiša tshedimošo ya ngwaga ka ngwaga ka ga dipoelo tša mmakgonthe tša gauta le kgonagalo ya mathata ka lebaka la malwetši a go fetela mo lebakeng la 1258 go fihla ka 2020, re hwetša gore go na le seemo sa go selekanele le diphetogo tša taolo ka kamanong magareng ga diphapano tše pedi tša tlhobaboroko. Re tshephile mokgwa wa poelomorago wa khwanthaele go laetša gore dipoelo tša mmakgonthe tša gauta di ka laetša thulano kgahlanong le dikotsi tše di amanago le mathata ao a sego a tlwaelega (a COVID-19), kudukudu ge mmaraka o le seemong sa ona sa go ba le tshepho, gomme o amilwe gampe ke seemo sa yona sa go phuhlama. Ka go sekaseka tema ye e kgathwago ke malwetši a go fetela go dipoelo tše tša dithoto tša ditšhelete re hwetša bohlatse bjo bo tiilego bja gore malwetši a go fetela a raloka tema ye bohlokwa go akanyetša RV ya ona. Ka fao go kwešišegago, dipoelo tša rena di na le diabe tše bohlokwa tša phothefolio go babeeletši, go baakanyi le go balaodi ba diphothefolio ka dinakong tša maemo a godimo a tlhokego ya bokgonthe ye e amantšhwago le malwetši a go fetela. Afrikaans: In die konteks van die groot onrus in die finansiële markte wat deur die COVID-19-uitbreking veroorsaak is, ondersoek ons ​​die voorspelbaarheid van die Amerikaanse tesourie-effekte (hoofstuk 2), internasionale aandele (hoofstuk 3), buitelandse wisselkoerse en bitcoin (hoofstuk 4) en landboukommoditeitstermynkontrakte (hoofstuk 5) gegewe daaglikse aansteeklike siektesverwante onsekerhede (EMVID) met behulp van die heterogene outoregressiewe model van gerealiseerde wisselvalligheid (HAV-RV). Op stasionêre intradagdata wat vanaf 'n 5-minuut-interval bereken word, voer ons 'n rekursiewe buitesteekproefvoorspelling uit. Deur die RMSFE-metriek lewer ons resultate bewys dat hierdie finansiële bates aantreklik bly vir beleggers binne die pandemie-episode, met bitcoin wat aansienlik hoë voorspelde winste behaal onder al die ander bates in die medium- en lang voorspellingshorisonne. Die Amerikaanse tesourie-effekte bly risikovry en die wêreldwye erkenning van goud as 'n "veilige hawe"-bate word beklemtoon. Onder die landbouhandelkommoditeite het kakao- en hawertermynkontrakte beduidende voorspelde winste getoon. Die internasionale aandele in Pakistan en Singapoer het die wisselvalligste voorgekom. Dit is ook duidelik dat 'n ekonometrikus die hoogste voorspelde wins in die Switserse frank-termynkontrakte van die buitelandse valutamark kan behaal. In hoofstuk 6 gebruik ons ​​jaarlikse data oor reële goudopbrengste en die waarskynlikheid van sterfte as gevolg van aansteeklike siektes oor die tydperk 1258 tot 2020. Ons bespeur nielineariteit en regimeveranderinge in die verhouding tussen die twee veranderlikes van belang. Ons maak staat op 'n kwantielregressiemodel om te wys dat reële goudopbrengste verskansing kan bied teen die risiko's wat verband hou met sulke seldsame rampe (COVID-19), hoofsaaklik wanneer die mark in styg, en dit negatief beïnvloed wanneer dit daal. Deur die rol van aansteeklike siektes op hierdie finansiële bates se opbrengste te bepaal, vind ons sterk bewyse dat aansteeklike siektes 'n belangrike rol speel in die voorspelling van hul RV. Dit is te verstane dat ons resultate belangrike portefeulje-implikasies het vir beleggers, spekulante en portefeuljebestuurders gedurende periodes van hoë vlakke van onsekerheid wat verband hou met aansteeklike siektes.

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Thesis (PhD (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2022.

Keywords

UCTD, Infectious diseases, COVID-19, Forecasting realised volatility, Financial markets, Financial assets

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