Osteology of the thoracic limb of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
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Date
Authors
Smuts, M.M.S. (Malie Marie Sophie), 1933-
Bezuidenhout, A.J. (Abraham Johannes), 1942-
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Published by the Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute
Abstract
The forelimb bones of 8 elephants (7 adults, 1 juvenile) were studied. In addition, the bones of the digits were dissected and studied in situ in a mature specimen. The scapula, humerus and bones of the antebrachium (particularly the ulna) are massive in comparison to the short, relatively small bones of the manus. There are 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones and 5 digits. Digits 2-4 consist of 3 phalanges each. The 5th digit consists of 2 phalanges, while the 1st is represented by a single phalanx which is tusk-like and pointed. The distal phalanges of digits 2-4 are very small and do not articulate with the middle phalanges. The proximal sesamoids are well developed and are present on the palmar aspect of all 5 metacarpophalangeal joints. All the bones are illustrated from at least 2 aspects.
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Keywords
Veterinary medicine, Veterinary anatomy
Sustainable Development Goals
Citation
Smuts, MMS & Bezuidenhout, AJ 1993, 'Osteology of the thoracic limb of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)’, Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 1-14.