Compatibility of mining and ecotourism in the Limpopo province, South Africa

Abstract

The experience of unique and authentic natural landscapes, for example, World Heritage Sites, in association with wildlife viewing opportunities, were identified as important product offerings at ecotourism destinations, the demand for which is increasing notably amongst travellers (Tremblay, 2007:11; Marton-Lefèvre & McCool, 2008:57; Lawton, 2012:123). The rapid expansion of mining developments in and around ecotourism destinations is a growing concern, particularly in the light of studies confirming that large unexplored mineral wealth occurs in areas associated with unique natural beauty and unspoilt mountain landscapes (AWHF, 2012; Turner, 2012). This is supported by an assessment of the State of Conservation Reports of World Heritage properties that confirmed mining as a growing threat to such properties (UNESCO, 2012e; UNESCO, 2012g). In the South African context, the potential conflict between mining and ecotourism destinations appears to be unavoidable, particularly in the light of extensive infrastructural development plans to enhance growth in the mining sector (National Planning Commission, 2011:30). Against this background, the study investigates the compatibility of mining and ecotourism, from an ecotourism destination management perspective. As the topic, in the field of ecotourism management, is largely unexplored, the researcher undertook a comprehensive literature study and an in-depth analysis of international case study areas where mining occurs inside or adjacent to protected areas. From this in-depth review and analysis, a conceptual strategic management framework that provided a solid theoretical context to guide the primary data collection and analytical processes was postulated. Of particular significance was the richness of the empirical research findings, where mixed methodology research was applied to two real case study areas in Limpopo Province in South Africa, namely, the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape, a World Heritage Site and Makuya Park, a provincial nature reserve adjacent to the Kruger National Park. The study concluded that ecotourism destinations and mining developments are inherently incompatible, but can coexist if certain critical factors are considered and implemented in accordance with the proposed strategic management framework. The fact that long-term partnerships, enforceable beyond mine closure, was emphasised, is of particular - ii - importance. Additional key factors identified to manage a sustainable relationship between mining and ecotourism destinations, include a shared vision, trust and a clearly demarcated ecotourism destination. The research findings revealed strategic and practical recommendations, as well as future research opportunities that could enhance sustainable ecotourism destination management.