High levels of DDT in breast milk : intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

dc.contributor.authorBouwman, Hindrik
dc.contributor.authorKylin, Henrik
dc.contributor.authorSereda, Barbara
dc.contributor.authorBornman, Maria S. (Riana)
dc.date.accessioned2012-11-20T14:19:32Z
dc.date.available2012-11-20T14:19:32Z
dc.date.issued2012-11
dc.description.abstractWe investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT-sprayed indoors. Mean SDDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest SDDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more SDDT than firstborn male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk e requiring further investigation.en_US
dc.description.librarianay2013en
dc.description.sponsorshipThe Swedish/South African bilateral research agreement, the National Research Foundation of South Africa, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, and the Swedish Research Council.en_US
dc.description.urihttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/envpolen_US
dc.identifier.citationHindrik Bouwman, Henrik Kylin, Barbara Sereda & Bornman Riana, 'High levels of DDT in breast milk : Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender', Environmental Pollution, vol. 170, pp. 63-70 (2012), doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.009.en_US
dc.identifier.issn0269-7491 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1873-6424 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.009
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/20458
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherElsevieren_US
dc.rights© 2012 Elsevier. All rights reserved. Notice : this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in Environmental Pollution. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in Environmental Pollution, vol 170,October 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.009.en_US
dc.subjectBreast milken_US
dc.subjectSouth Africaen_US
dc.subjectMalaria controlen_US
dc.subjectIndoor residual sprayen_US
dc.subjectMaximum residue limiten_US
dc.subjectProvisional tolerable daily intakeen_US
dc.subject.lcshBreast milk -- Contamination -- South Africaen
dc.subject.lcshDDT (Insecticide) -- Physiological effect -- South Africaen
dc.subject.lcshMalaria -- Preventionen
dc.titleHigh levels of DDT in breast milk : intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of genderen_US
dc.typePostprint Articleen_US

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