Application of behavior change techniques (BCTTv1) to reduce antimicrobial use in livestock : a scoping review

Abstract

SIMPLE SUMMARY : This research explores how behavior change techniques can help reduce antibiotic use in farm animals. The overuse of antibiotics in livestock contributes to antimicrobial resistance, making infections harder to treat in both animals and humans. The study reviews how these techniques have been used to encourage farmers to use fewer antibiotics and identifies areas in which more research is needed. Some effective approaches include setting goals, learning from experts, problem-solving, receiving feedback, and self-monitoring. However, the success of these techniques depends on factors like cost, farm conditions, cultural practices, and education. Many studies do not clearly describe how they apply these techniques, limiting opportunities to refine and replicate successful interventions. To improve antibiotic reduction efforts, future programs should focus on clear documentation, long-term support, and region-specific solutions. Collaboration between veterinarians, farmers, researchers, and policymakers is key to ensuring lasting improvements. More attention is needed in developing countries where antibiotic reduction efforts are limited. Encouraging responsible antibiotic use through behavior change techniques will help slow resistance, assure food safety, protect public health, and improve animal welfare worldwide.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, partly driven by the overuse of antimicrobials in livestock production. Addressing this issue requires targeted interventions to influence behavioral drivers behind AMU practices. Behavior change techniques (BCTs) offer a structured approach to designing such interventions, yet their application in reducing AMU on farms remains underexplored. This scoping review systematically maps the current applications of the Behavior Change Techniques Taxonomy version 1 (BCTTv1) in interventions aimed at reducing AMU in livestock, while also identifying gaps in the literature and opportunities for future research. A comprehensive search across academic databases identified 23 relevant studies. Findings revealed the use of 37 BCTs, with commonly applied techniques including goal setting, instruction on behavior, credible sources, problem-solving, feedback on behavior, and self-monitoring. While some studies explicitly referenced BCTs, many applied them implicitly, without alignment with standardized frameworks. Intervention outcomes were influenced by contextual factors including financial, logistical, cultural, and technical challenges. This review underscores the importance of explicitly integrating and systematically reporting BCTs to enhance transparency, replicability, and scalability. Future interventions should adopt tailored, context-specific approaches to address regional and sectoral challenges, ultimately contributing to global efforts in combating AMR through improved antimicrobial stewardship.