Detection of African swine fever virus in ornithodoros tick species associated with indigenous and extralimital warthog populations in South Africa

dc.contributor.authorCraig, Anthony Francis
dc.contributor.authorSchade-Weskott, Mathilde L.
dc.contributor.authorRametse, Thapelo
dc.contributor.authorHeath, Livio
dc.contributor.authorKriel, Gideon J.P.
dc.contributor.authorDe Klerk-Lorist, Lin-Mari
dc.contributor.authorVan Schalkwyk, Louis
dc.contributor.authorTrujillo, Jessie D.
dc.contributor.authorCrafford, Jan Ernst
dc.contributor.authorRicht, Juergen A.
dc.contributor.authorSwanepoel, Robert
dc.contributor.emailjannie.crafford@up.ac.zaen_US
dc.date.accessioned2023-03-16T04:56:13Z
dc.date.available2023-03-16T04:56:13Z
dc.date.issued2022-07-26
dc.description.abstractWe investigated the possibility that sylvatic circulation of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in warthogs and Ornithodoros ticks had extended beyond the historically affected northern part of South Africa that was declared a controlled area in 1935 to prevent the spread of infection to the rest of the country. We recently reported finding antibody to the virus in extralimital warthogs in the south of the country, and now describe the detection of infected ticks outside the controlled area. A total of 5078 ticks was collected at 45 locations in 7/9 provinces during 2019–2021 and assayed as 711 pools for virus content by qPCR, while 221 pools were also analysed for tick phylogenetics. Viral nucleic acid was detected in 50 tick pools representing all four members of the Ornithodoros (Ornithodoros) moubata complex known to occur in South Africa: O. (O.) waterbergensis and O. (O.) phacochoerus species yielded ASFV genotypes XX, XXI, XXII at 4 locations and O. (O.) moubata yielded ASFV genotype I at two locations inside the controlled area. Outside the controlled area, O. (O.) moubata and O. (O.) compactus ticks yielded ASFV genotype I at 7 locations, while genotype III ASFV was identified in O. (O.) compactus ticks at a single location. Two of the three species of the O. (O.) savignyi complex ticks known to be present in the country, O. (O.) kalahariensis and O. (O.) noorsveldensis, were collected at single locations and found negative for virus. The only member of the Pavlovskyella subgenus of Ornithodoros ticks known to occur in South Africa, O. (P.) zumpti, was collected from warthog burrows for the first time, in Addo National Park in the Eastern Cape Province where ASFV had never been recorded, and it tested negative for the viral nucleic acid. While it is confirmed that there is sylvatic circulation of ASFV outside the controlled area in South Africa, there is a need for more extensive surveillance and for vector competence studies with various species of Ornithodoros ticks.en_US
dc.description.departmentVeterinary Tropical Diseasesen_US
dc.description.librarianam2023en_US
dc.description.sponsorshipThe project was supported by a research contract from Kansas State University and a grant awarded by the South African Agricultural Sector Education and Training Authority (AgriSETA) to the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP). We acknowledge the support of NBAF Transition funds from the State of Kansas, the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) of the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Homeland Security, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases.en_US
dc.description.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/virusesen_US
dc.identifier.citationCraig, A.F.; Schade-Weskott, M.L.; Rametse, T.; Heath, L.; Kriel, G.J.P.; de Klerk-Lorist, L.-M.; van Schalkwyk, L.; Trujillo, J.D.; Crafford, J.E.; Richt, J.A.; et al. Detection of African Swine Fever Virus in Ornithodoros Tick Species Associated with Indigenous and Extralimital Warthog Populations in South Africa. Viruses 2022, 14, 1617. https://DOI.org/10.3390/v14081617.en_US
dc.identifier.issn1999-4915 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.3390/v14081617
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/90125
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherMDPIen_US
dc.rights© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.en_US
dc.subjectAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV)en_US
dc.subjectSylvatic circulationen_US
dc.subjectOrnithodoros ticksen_US
dc.subjectSouth Africa (SA)en_US
dc.titleDetection of African swine fever virus in ornithodoros tick species associated with indigenous and extralimital warthog populations in South Africaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US

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