Spatial distribution of COVID-19 diagnostic services in Mopani district, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Abstract

INTRODUCTION : Access to healthcare facilities in rural areas remains a major challenge, particularly during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study investigated the spatial distribution and accessibility of COVID-19 point-of-care (POC) diagnostic services in Mopani District, Limpopo province, South Africa, using a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach. The aim was to identify areas where healthcare access requires improvement. METHODS : A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used, analysing secondary data through dasymetric mapping to disaggregate and re-aggregate population data into analytical units. Accessibility was measured by distances from residences to the nearest primary healthcare (PHC) clinics (<5 km) and from clinics to the nearest district hospitals (<30 km). Demographic and socio-economic data from Statistics South Africa were included for context. RESULTS : Mopani District had an estimated population of 1,202,916, with 942,801 (78.4%) residing within 5 kmof a PHC clinic. The district had 105 clinics, each serving about 11,456 people, and 72 (68.6%) of these clinics were within 30 km of a district hospital. The district contained both densely and sparsely populated areas, with high unemployment and low-income levels, particularly in rural regions. Limited public transport further constrained access. Ba-Phalaborwa, Maruleng, Greater Tzaneen and Greater Letaba have relatively good access, whereas Greater Giyani faces significant challenges. DISCUSSION : Although a majority of the population lived within 5 km of a clinic, notable gaps in accessibility remain. Improving transport infrastructure, using telemedicine and mobile health units, and implementing socio-economic support strategies, such as subsidized transport, can enhance access. Addressing geographic and structural inequalities in healthcare distribution is critical to promoting equity and improving health outcomes in rural districts like Mopani.