Swimming induced pulmonary oedema in athletes – a systematic review and best evidence synthesis

dc.contributor.authorHohmann, Erik
dc.contributor.authorGlatt, Vaida
dc.contributor.authorTetsworth, Kevin
dc.date.accessioned2019-08-19T11:48:53Z
dc.date.available2019-08-19T11:48:53Z
dc.date.issued2018-11-01
dc.description.abstractBACKGROUND : Swimming induced pulmonary oedema is an uncommon occurrence and usually presents during strenuous distance swimming in cold water. The prevalence is most likely underreported and the underlying mechanisms are controversial. The purpose of this study was to summarize the evidence with regards to prevalence, pathophysiology and treatment of swimming induced pulmonary oedema in endurance athletes. METHODS : Medline, Embase, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched and level I-IV from 1970 to 2017 were included. For clinical studies, only publications reporting on swimming-induced pulmonary oedema were considered. Risk of bias was assessed with the ROBINS-I tool, and the quality of evidence was assessed with the Cochrane GRADE system. For data synthesis and analysis, a best evidence synthesis was used. RESULTS : A total of 29 studies were included (174 athletes). The most common symptom was cough, dyspnoea, froth and haemoptysis. The risk of bias for the clinical studies included 13 with moderate risk, 3 with serious, and 4 with critical. Four of the pathophysiology studies had a moderate risk, 3 a serious risk, and 1 a critical risk of bias. A best evidence analysis demonstrated a strong association between cold water immersion and in increases of CVP (central venous pressure), MPAP (mean pulmonary arterial pressure), PVR (peripheral vascular resistance) and PAWP (pulmonary arterial wedge pressure) resulting in interstitial asymptomatic oedema. CONCLUSION : The results of this study suggest a moderate association between water temperature and the prevalence of SIPE. The presence of the clinical symptoms cough, dyspnoea, froth and haemoptysis are strongly suggestive of SIPE during or immediately following swimming. There is only limited evidence to suggest that there are pre-existing risk factors leading to SIPE with exposure to strenuous physical activity during swimming. There is strong evidence that sudden deaths of triathletes are often associated with cardiac abnormalities.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentOrthopaedic Surgeryen_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2019en_ZA
dc.description.urihttps://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.comen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationHohmann, E., Glatt, V. & Tetsworth, K. 2018, 'Swimming induced pulmonary oedema in athletes – a systematic review and best evidence synthesis', BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, vol. 10, art. 18, pp. 1-10.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn2052-1847 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.1186/s13102-018-0107-3
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/71136
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherBioMed Centralen_ZA
dc.rights© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licenseen_ZA
dc.subjectPulmonary oedemaen_ZA
dc.subjectImmersion pulmonary oedemaen_ZA
dc.subjectSwimmingen_ZA
dc.subjectAthletesen_ZA
dc.subjectTriathlonen_ZA
dc.subjectSwimming induced pulmonary oedema (SIPE)en_ZA
dc.titleSwimming induced pulmonary oedema in athletes – a systematic review and best evidence synthesisen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

Files

Original bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name:
Hohmann_Swimming_2018.pdf
Size:
637.57 KB
Format:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Description:
Article

License bundle

Now showing 1 - 1 of 1
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name:
license.txt
Size:
1.75 KB
Format:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Description: