Essays on the determinants and spillovers of South African housing market

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University of Pretoria

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English: This study investigates the relevant factors that drive house prices in South Africa with the aim of facilitating a better understanding of the dynamic relationship between house prices and key macroeconomic variables. This can serve as a prerequisite to the ability of policymakers to maximize the positive externalities associated with housing development, while implementing measures to reduce the unexpected effects. The thesis consists of five independent papers corresponding to five chapters. The first chapter examines the economic sources underlying the comovement of real house prices across provinces in South Africa. First, a dynamic factor model is estimated on quarterly provincial-level data to disentangle the national component of real house price movements from the local (provincial or region-specific) component. Second, a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model is applied to investigate the extent to which macroeconomic shocks are responsible to the common component of real house prices. Using theoretically motivated short run restrictions to identify macroeconomic with portfolio and monetary policy shocks playing greater roles. We also find evidence shocks, results indicate that comovement in real house prices is due to the combined effects of favourable and unfavourable structural shocks emanating from different sectors of the economy, of significant feedbacks from the housing sector to the real economy which theoretically channel through the wealth and /or collateral and balance sheet effects on consumption and investment, respectively. The second chapter implements a Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) approach on provincial level data to analyse the role of house prices in determining the dynamic behaviour of consumption. Unlike individual regression, this approach accounts for individual heterogeneities characteristic of provincial housing markets. Based on the standard recursive identification, we find that house prices exhibit an asymmetric effect on consumption: a positive shock to house price growth has a positive and significant effect on consumption, while the negative impact of an anticipated house price causes an insignificant reduction in consumption. Because consumption is a significant component of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the effect of house prices on consumption serves as a key link between the housing market and economic activity. The third chapter, therefore, exploits panel time series methods to examine the impact of house price changes on economic growth across provinces. This framework offers a variety of tools designed to address econometric issues such as heterogeneity, endogeneity and spatial effects which have been found to be prominent in regional housing markets. Specifically, Fixed effect (FE) and Random coefficient (RC) models are used to address the issue of heterogeneity. The potential endogeneity is accounted for using SYSTEM-Generalised Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) while the Feasible Generalised Least Squared (FGLS) and the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) are used to control for spatial effects. Accounting for these above issues leads to a significant effect of house price changes on provincial economic growth in South Africa. Since house prices affect the business cycle, monetary policy might not be neutral to house price movements. Moreover, one may expect asymmetric response of monetary policy to house price shocks giving the boom/bust nature of house price dynamics. In light of these considerations, the fourth chapter links South African housing market dynamics to the interest rate setting behaviour by relying on Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressive (MS-VAR). This technique allows identifying the bull and bear regimes in the South African housing market and therefore helps examining asymmetries in the impact of monetary policy shocks on the house prices during bull and bear regimes. The impact of the monetary policy on house prices is found to be larger in the bear regime than in the bull regime; indicating the role of information asymmetry in reinforcing the financial constraint of economic agent. Unsurprisingly, monetary reaction to a positive house price shock is found to be stronger in the bull regime. This suggests that central banker are more concerned in bull regime given the potential crisis related to the subsequent bust in house prices bubbles which are more prominent in bull markets. Finally, changes in house prices induce an adjustment of consumption and investment decisions which could be reflected as a trade surplus or deficit. The fifth chapter characterises the dynamic relationship between house prices and the trade balance based on a Bayesian Vector Autoregressive (BVAR) approach with sign restrictions. The results indicate that 1 percent decline in house prices can improve the trade balance by 0.2 percent; suggesting that house prices represent an additional instrument for trade-balance adjustment besides the traditional exchange rate channel. Further, we find that the contribution of house price shocks to the historical path of the trade balance is less prominent in 2000s; possibly substantiating the effectiveness in the conduct of South African monetary policy, which has been shown to be incorporating house price movements in its interest rate setting behaviour. Sepedi: Dinyakišišo tše di nyakišiša mabaka a maleba ao a hlohleletšago ditheko ka Afrika Borwa ka maikemišetšo a go kwešiša bokaone kamano ye e fetogago magareng ga ditheko tša dintlo le diphapano tše bohlokwa tša ekonomi ye kgolo. Se se ka šoma bjalo ka senyakwa sa bokgoni bja bahlami ba melawana go oketša dilo tše kaone tša ka ntle tše di amanago le kago ya dintlo, mola ka go le lengwe di phethagatša magato a go fokotša diabe tše di emetšwego. Thesese ye e bopilwe ka dipampiri tše hlano tše di ikemego tša go amana. Kgaolo ya mathomo e lekola methopo ya ekonomi yeo e thekgilego tshepelommogo ya ditheko tša dintlo go ralala le diphrobentshe tša Afrika Borwa. Sa mathomo, mokgwa wa mabaka ao a fetogago o akanywa go tshedimošo ya ka maemong a diphrobentshe ya kotara ka kotara go lokolla karolo ya bosetšhaba ya mesepelo ya ditheko tša dintlo go karolo ya ka nageng (ya diphrobentshe goba ya ka dileteng). Sa bobedi, mokgwa wa Poelomorago ya Maitirišo ya Bekthara ya Dibopego (SVAR) o dirišwa go nyakišiša bogolo bjo ka bjona mathata a ekonomi ye kgolo a rwelego maikarabelo go karolo ya tlwaelo ya ditheko tša mmakgonthe tša dintlo. Go šomiša mellwane ya lebaka le lekopana yeo e hlohleleditšwego ka teori go tseba ekonomi ye kgolo ka phothefolio le ka mathata a melawana ya ditšhelete go raloka ditema tše bohlokwa. Gape re hwetša mathata a bohlatse, gomme dipoelo di laetša gore tshepelommogo ka go ditheko tša dintlo tša mmakgonthe e bakwa ke diabe tše di kopantšwego tša mathata a makaone le ao a sego a makaone a dibopego ao a tšwago go makala a mehutahuta a ekonomi, a dipoelo tše bohlokwa go tšwa lekala la dintlo go ya go ekonomi ya mmakgonthe tšeo di fetišetšago ka teori go lehumo le /goba go tšhireletšo le go diabe tša palantshešiti go tšhomišo le go peeletšo, ka maleba. Kgaolo ya bobedi e phethagatša a Mokgwa wa Poelomorago ya Maitirišo ya Bekthara ya Phanele (PVAR) go tshedimošo ya maemo a phrobentshe go sekaseka tema ye e kgathwago ke ditheko tša dintlo go tseba maitshwaro ao a fetogago a tšhomišo. Go fapana le poelomorago ya batho, mokgwa wo o akaretša dimelo tše di fapafapanego tša mebaraka ya dintlo ya ka phrobentsheng. Go eya ka boitsebišo bja tlwaelo ya tokollo, re hwetša gore ditheko tša dintlo di laetša seabe sa go se lekanele go tšhomišo: e lego bothata bjo bokaone bja kgolo ya ditheko tša dintlo bo nago le bjona go tšhomišo, mola ka go le lengwe seabe sa go se loke sa ditheko tša dintlo se bakago phokotšo ye kgolo ya tšhomišo. Ka lebaka la gore tšhomišo ke karolo ye bohlokwa ya Palomoka ya Ditšweletšwa ka Moka tša ka Nageng (GDP), e lego gore seabe sa ditheko tša dintlo go tšhomišo di šoma bjalo ka kamano ye bohlokwa magareng ga mmaraka wa dintlo le tiro ya ekonomi. Kgaolo ya boraro, ka fao, e lekola mekgwa ya molokoloko wa dinako tša phanele go lekola seabe sa diphetogo tša ditheko tša dintlo go kgolo ya ekonomi go ralala le diphrobentshe. Motheo wo o fa ditlabelo tša mehutahuta tše di hlametšwego go rarolla mathata a ekonomethriki a go swana le phapano, kamanommogo le diabe tša sekgoba tšeo di hweditšwego go ba tšeo di tumilego ka go mebaraka ya ka dileteng. Gabotse, mekgwa ya seabe sa go se Fetoge (FE) le Khoefišiente ya Sewelo (RC) e šomišwa go arolla bothata bja phapano. Kgonagalo ya kamanommogo e lekodišišwa ka go šomiša SYSTEM-Mokgwa wa Kakaretšo wa Dinako (SYS-GMM) mola e mekgwa ya Kakaretšo ya Sekwerennyane (FGLS) le Poelomorago ye e Bonagalago ya go se Amane (SUR) e šomišwa go laola diabe tša sekgoba. Go lekola mathata a go feletša ka seabe se bohlokwa sa phetošo ya ditheko go kgolo ya ekonomi ya ka phrobentsheng ka Afrika Borwa. Ka ge ditheko tša dintlo di ama tikologo ya kgwebo, melawana ya ditšhelete e ka no se be magareng go mesepelo ya ditheko tša dintlo. Godimo ga fao, motho a ka emela phetolo ya go se lekanele ya melawana ya ditšhelete le mathata a ditheko tša dintlo gomme se sa feletša ka tlhatlogo/sebopego sa kgolo sa maemo a ditheko tša dintlo. Go lebeletšwe ditlhokomedišišo tše, kgaolo ya bone e amantšha maemo a mmaraka wa dintlo wa Afrika Borwa le kelo ya tswala e lego seo se beago maitshwaro ka go tshepha Poelomorago ya Maitirišo ya Bekthara ya Phetošo ya Markov (MS-VAR). Mokgwa wo o dumelela go tseba dinako tša tlhatlogo le phuhlamo ya mebaraka ya dintlo gomme ka fao o thuša go lekola tlhokego ya kwano ka go seabe sa mathata a ditšhelete go ditheko tša dintlo ka dinakong tša tlhatlogo le phuhlamo ya mebaraka. Seabe sa melawana ya ditšhelete go ditheko tša dintlo se hwetšwa gore ke se segolo ka go nako ya phuhlamo ya mebaraka go feta ka go nako ya tlhatlogo; gomme se se laetša tema ye e kgathwago ke tlhokego ya tekatekano ya tshedimošo go matlafatša leswa mathata a ditšhelete a modiredi wa tša ekonomi. Seo se sa makatšego ke gore, phetolo ya ditšhelete go bothata bjo ditheko tša dintlo bjo bokaone bo hwetšwa gore bo na le maatla ka go nako ya tlhatlogo ya mebaraka. Se se šišinya gore bagolo ba panka ya bogareng ba hlokometše kudu nako ya tlhatlogo ya mebaraka ka lebaka la mathata ao a ka bago gona a go amana le kgolo ya ka moragonyana ya ditheko tša dintlo tšeo di tletšego kudu ka mebarakeng ya tlhatlogo. Mafelelong, diphetogo ka go ditheko tša dintlo di hlohleletša gore go be le peakanyo ya dipheto tša tšhomišo le tša peeletšo tšeo di ka aletšwago bjalo ka tlaleletšo ya kgwebišano goba tlhaelelo. Pampiri ya bohlano e beakanya kamano ye e fetogago magareng ga ditheko tša dintlo le palantshe ya kgwebišano ye e theilwego go mokgwa wa Poelomorago ya Bekthara ya Bayesian (BVAR) wo o nago le mellwane ya maswao. Dipoelo di laetša gore phuhlamo ya persente ye 1 ka go ditheko tša dintlo e ka kaonafatša palantshe ya kgwebišano ka dipersente tše 0.2; go realo e le go akanya gore ditheko tša dintlo di emetše setlabelo sa tlaleletšo sa peakanyo ya palantshe ya kgwebišano ka ntle le tšhanele ya tlwaelo ya kelo ya neelano. Godimo ga fao, re hwetša gore seabe sa mathata a ditheko tša dintlo go tsela ya kgale ya palantshe ya kgwebišano ga se ya tlala kudu ka mengwageng ya bo 2000; gomme se go na le kgonagalo ya gore se ka fa mabaka a go šoma gabotse ka maitshwarong a melawana ya ditšhelete ya Afrika Borwa, e lego seo se bontšhitšwego gore se kopanya mesepelo ya ditheko tša dintlo ka seemong sa yona sa maitshwaro a kelo ya tswala. Afrikaans: Hierdie studie ondersoek die relevante faktore wat huispryse in Suid-Afrika dryf met die doel om 'n beter begrip van die dinamiese verhouding tussen huispryse en belangrike makro-ekonomiese veranderlikes te fasiliteer. Dit kan dien as 'n voorvereiste vir die vermoë van beleidmakers om die positiewe eksternaliteite wat met behuisingsontwikkeling geassosieer word, te maksimeer, terwyl maatreëls geïmplementeer word om die onverwagte effekte te verminder. Die proefskrif bestaan ​​uit vyf onafhanklike artikels wat ooreenstem met vyf hoofstukke. Die eerste hoofstuk ondersoek die ekonomiese bronne onderliggend aan die samevloeiing van reële huispryse regoor provinsies in Suid-Afrika. Eerstens word 'n dinamiese faktormodel beraam op kwartaallikse provinsiale vlak data om die nasionale komponent van reële huisprysbewegings te ontwrig van die plaaslike (provinsiale of streekspesifieke) komponent. Tweedens word 'n strukturele-vektor-outoregressiewe- (SVOR-)model toegepas om te ondersoek in watter mate makro-ekonomiese skokke verantwoordelik is vir die gemeenskaplike komponent van reële huispryse. Teoreties gemotiveerde korttermynbeperkings is gebruik om makro-ekonomiese skokke te identifiseer, waar portefeulje- en monetêre beleidskokke groter rolle speel. Ons vind ook bewyse van skokke, en resultate dui daarop dat samevloeiing in reële huispryse te wyte is aan die gekombineerde effekte van gunstige en ongunstige strukturele skokke wat uit verskillende sektore van die ekonomie voortspruit, van beduidende terugvoer vanaf die behuisingssektor na die reële ekonomie wat teoreties deur die welvaart- en (of) kollaterale en balansstaateffekte op onderskeidelik verbruik en belegging kanaliseer. Die tweede hoofstuk implementeer 'n paneelvektor-outoregressie (PVOR)-benadering op provinsiale vlak data om die rol van huispryse in die bepaling van die dinamiese gedrag van verbruik te ontleed. Anders as individuele regressie, neem hierdie benadering rekening met individuele heterogeniteite wat kenmerkend is van provinsiale huismarkte. Gebaseer op die standaard rekursiewe identifikasie, vind ons dat huispryse 'n asimmetriese effek op verbruik toon: 'n positiewe skok vir huisprysgroei het 'n positiewe en beduidende effek op verbruik, terwyl die negatiewe impak van 'n verwagte huisprys 'n onbeduidende vermindering in verbruik veroorsaak. Omdat verbruik 'n beduidende komponent van die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) is, dien die effek van huispryse op verbruik as 'n sleutelskakel tussen die huismark en ekonomiese aktiwiteit. Die derde hoofstuk benut dus paneeltydreeksmetodes om die impak van huisprysveranderinge op ekonomiese groei regoor provinsies heen te ondersoek. Hierdie raamwerk bied 'n verskeidenheid gereedskap wat ontwerp is om ekonometriese kwessies soos heterogeniteit, endogeniteit en ruimtelike effekte aan te spreek wat prominent in streekhuismarkte gevind is. Spesifiek word vaste-effek (VE) en ewekansige koëffisiënt (EK) modelle gebruik om die kwessie van heterogeniteit aan te spreek. Die potensiële endogeniteit word verreken deur die sisteem-veralgemeende metode van momente (SIS-VMM) te gebruik, terwyl die haalbare veralgemeende kleinste kwadraat (HVKK) en die skynbaar onverwante regressie (SOR) gebruik word om ruimtelike effekte te beheer. Die verrekening van bogenoemde kwessies lei tot 'n beduidende effek van huisprysveranderinge op provinsiale ekonomiese groei in Suid-Afrika. Aangesien huispryse die sakesiklus beïnvloed, is monetêre beleid moontlik nie neutraal teenoor huisprysbewegings nie. Boonop kan 'n mens 'n asimmetriese reaksie van monetêre beleid op huisprysskokke verwag, wat die oplewing-en-ineenstorting-aard van huisprysdinamika gee. In die lig van hierdie oorwegings verbind die vierde hoofstuk die dinamika van die Suid-Afrikaanse huismark met die rentekoersbepalingsgedrag deur staat te maak op Markov-omskakellende vektor outoregressive (MO-VOR). Hierdie tegniek maak dit moontlik om die bul- en beermarkte in die Suid-Afrikaanse huismark te identifiseer en help dus om asimmetrieë in die impak van monetêre beleidskokke op huispryse tydens bul- en beermarkte te ondersoek. Die impak van die monetêre beleid op huispryse is groter in die beermarkte as in die bulmarkete, wat dui op die rol van inligtingasimmetrie in die versterking van die finansiële beperking van die ekonomiese agent. Dit is geen verrassing dat monetêre reaksie op 'n positiewe huisprysskok sterker in die bulmarkte is nie. Dit dui daarop dat sentrale bankiers meer bekommerd is oor die bulmarkte gegewe die potensiële krisis wat verband hou met die daaropvolgende ineenstorting van huisprysborrels wat meer prominent is in bulmarkte. Laastens veroorsaak veranderinge in huispryse 'n aanpassing van verbruiks- en beleggingsbesluite wat as 'n handelsoorskot of -tekort weerspieël kan word. Die vyfde hoofstuk karakteriseer die dinamiese verhouding tussen huispryse en die handelsbalans gebaseer op 'n Bayesiaanse vektor outoregressiewe (BVOR)- benadering met tekenbeperkings. Die resultate dui daarop dat 'n daling van 1% in huispryse die handelsbalans met 0,2% kan verbeter, wat daarop dui dat huispryse 'n bykomende instrument vir handelsbalansaanpassing verteenwoordig, benewens die tradisionele wisselkoerskanaal. Verder vind ons dat die bydrae van huisprysskokke tot die historiese pad van die handelsbalans minder prominent in die 2000's is, wat moontlik die doeltreffendheid in die uitvoering van Suid-Afrikaanse monetêre beleid staaf, wat gewys is dat dit huisprysbewegings in sy rentekoersbepalingsgedrag insluit.

Description

Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.

Keywords

Essays of the determinants, South African housing market, Macroeconomic variables, Independent papers, UCTD

Sustainable Development Goals

Citation

Simo-Kengne, BD 2013, 'Essays on the determinants and spillovers of South African housing market', PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewes yymmdd <http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31859>