Potentially infectious novel hepatitis a virus strains detected in selected treated wastewater discharge sources, South Africa

dc.contributor.authorRachida, Said
dc.contributor.authorTaylor, Maureen B.
dc.contributor.emailmaureen.taylor@up.ac.zaen_ZA
dc.date.accessioned2021-10-08T09:14:19Z
dc.date.available2021-10-08T09:14:19Z
dc.date.issued2020-12-19
dc.descriptionSupplementary file 1 of Figure 1: Fasta file of the sequence alignment used to infer phylogenetic analysis targeting the VP1 region of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains detected in samples from all five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Supplementary file 2 of Figure 3: Fasta file of the sequence alignment used to infer phylogenetic analysis targeting the VP1/P2B junction of hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains detected in samples from all five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Supplementary file 3 of Figure 5: Graphic view of the complete protein alignment (from position 1 to 300) of the deduced amino acid sequences of the VP1 region of the HM175 strain and hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains carrying mutations at immunodominant and neutralisation epitopes. Supplementary file 4 of Figure 5: Fasta file of the sequence alignment of the VP1 region of the HM175 strain and hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains carrying mutations at immunodominant and neutralisation epitopes. Supplementary file 5 of Figure 6: Fasta file of the sequence alignment of the VP1 region of the HM175 strain and hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains carrying in-frame deletions. Supplementary file 6 of Figure 7: Graphic view of the amino acid sequence alignment of the VP1/P2B junction of the HM175 strain and 47 hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains carrying the C70S and/or M104I changes. Supplementary file 7 of Figure 7: Fasta file of the sequence alignment of the VP1/P2B junction of the HM175 strain and 47 hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains carrying the C70S and/or M104I changes.en_ZA
dc.description.abstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a waterborne pathogen of public health importance. In South Africa (SA), unique HAV subgenotype IB strains have been detected in surface and wastewater samples, as well as on fresh produce at the point of retail. However, due to the use of molecular-based assays, the infectivity of the detected strains was unknown. Considering the potential shift of HAV endemicity from high to intermediate, which could increase the risk of severe symptomatic disease, this study investigated the identity of HAV strains detected before and after viability treatment of selected wastewater discharge samples. For one year, 118 samples consisting of sewage, treated wastewater discharge and downstream dam water were collected from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTP 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5). Unique HAV IB strains were detected in samples from all five WWTPs, with 11 of these strains carrying amino acid mutations at the immunodominant and neutralisation epitopes. A quasispecies dynamic of HAV has also been detected in sewage samples. The subsequent application of viability PCR revealed that potentially infectious HAV strains were discharged from WWTP 1, 2, 4 and 5 into the dam. Therefore, there is a potential risk of HAV exposure to communities using water sources downstream the WWTPs.en_ZA
dc.description.departmentMedical Virologyen_ZA
dc.description.departmentSchool of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)en_ZA
dc.description.librarianam2021en_ZA
dc.description.sponsorshipThe Rand Water Chair in Public Health; the Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (PRF); University of Pretoria and National Research Foundation (NRF).en_ZA
dc.description.urihttp://www.mdpi.com/journal/virusesen_ZA
dc.identifier.citationRachida, S & Taylor, MB 2020, 'Potentially infectious novel hepatitis a virus strains detected in selected treated wastewater discharge sources, South Africa', Viruses, vol. 12, no. 1468, pp. 1-18.en_ZA
dc.identifier.issn1999-4915 (print)
dc.identifier.issn1999-4915 (online)
dc.identifier.other10.3390/v12121468
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/2263/82070
dc.language.isoenen_ZA
dc.publisherMDPI Publishingen_ZA
dc.rights© 2020 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.en_ZA
dc.subjectViability PCRen_ZA
dc.subjectWastewater dischargeen_ZA
dc.subjectNovel HAV varianten_ZA
dc.subjectHepatitis A virus (HAV)en_ZA
dc.subjectSouth Africa (SA)en_ZA
dc.subjectPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)en_ZA
dc.subjectWastewater treatment plant (WWTP)en_ZA
dc.titlePotentially infectious novel hepatitis a virus strains detected in selected treated wastewater discharge sources, South Africaen_ZA
dc.typeArticleen_ZA

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